低调的企业家:关于吸烟的问题（英文版）,英文好的快进来！急！

1.Explain the term “stimulant”.
解释术语"stimulant"

答:A stimulant is a drug which increases the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and produces a sense of euphoria or awakeness. Stimulants can be used as recreational drugs, or therapeutically to increase alertness. They are also used and sometimes abused to boost endurance and productivity as well as to suppress appetite.Examples of stimulants are caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine.

2.How does nicotine and carbon monoxide(CO) affect the flow of blood?
尼古丁和一氧化碳是如何影响血液流动的?
答:Nicotine and
carbon monoxide are primarily responsible for these effects through the stimulation of a rapid release of adrenaline, the "fight or flight" hormone.”“Medical Consequences of Smoking” Liberty Science Center Nicotine has another compounding effects. It increases cardiac output,by causing the heart to beat faster. As a result, a greater volume of
blood is pumped around the body in a shorter time, which increases the pressure within the blood vessels.
Smoking resulted in a 12 +/- 5% (SEM) increase in macular leukocyte velocity and presumably blood flow.

3.What part of the body is most affected by tar?
最容易受焦油影响的身体部位是?
答:Acetylcholine (ACH) is one of the body's most important neurotransmitters.The respiratory and the circulatory system are most affected by tobacco use.

4.How does cigarette smoking affect the respiratory system?
抽烟如何给呼吸系统带来影响的?
答:Carbon dioxide, the waste product of our cells, is hydrophobic and therefore unable to be dissolved well in plasma, which is mainly water. Carbon dioxide changes to carbonic acid which breaks down into bicarbonate in the following reaction:

CO2 + H2O à H2CO3 àH+ + HCO3

Bicarbonate is hydrophilic and easily dissolves in the plasma. Not all of the carbonic acid completely breaks down to bicarbonate, allowing the general trend to be made that more carbon dioxide results in more carbonic acid which consequently has a higher acidity. When acidity increases, respiratory rate increases as well to dispose of the extra acid. If the blood's pH is basic, respiratory rate decreases to hold the carbon dioxide in the blood until the pH has resumed 7.4.

5.What is meant by“dependence”on a drug?
药物依赖性是什么意思?
答:"Dependence" has meant either tolerance or withdrawal","dependence" signifies a conspicuously damaging inability to control drug use.

6.List some diseases of the cardiovascular and
respiratory systems that can result from smoking.
列出一些可能由抽烟引起的心血管或者呼吸道系统疾病
答:There are a number of cardiovascular diseases that can be related to smoking.Smoking increases the risk of respiratory diseases such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive.

7.What is“ involuntary smoking ”and state the two sources?
什么叫被动吸烟(或叫做"吸二手烟")?列举两个例子
答:Involuntary smoking: The involuntary inhaling of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) by someone who is not smoking. It can curr in a toilet or a pulblic bus.

8.Why is involuntary smoking dangerous to a non-smoker?
对一个不抽烟的人来说,抽二手烟很危险,为什么?
答:The risk of developing disease depends on the amount of tobacco smoke exposure. As an involuntary smoker, you breathe less tobacco smoke than an active smoker because the smoke mixes with the air around you. But the Environmental Protection Agency estimates that 3,000 nonsmokers die of lung cancer annually, as a result of breathing someone else's cigarette smoke.

Involuntary smoking also causes heart disease, aggravates asthmatic conditions, and impairs blood circulation.

Through legislation has been passed reducing smoking in the workplace, there's still cause for concern. Tobacco smoke spreads quickly, and a workday is more than enough time to expose most people within many working environments. Even if you don't sit next to smokers, the smoky air within a building may be harmful