东莞到银川物流:莎士比亚的资料

威廉·莎士比亚（1564—1616）是文艺复兴时期英国以及欧洲最重要的作家。他出生于英格兰中部斯特拉福镇的一个商人家庭。少年时代曾在当地文法学校接受基础教育，学习拉丁文、哲学和历史等，接触过古罗马剧作家的作品。后因家道中落，辍学谋生。莎士比亚幼年时，常有著名剧团来乡间巡回演出，培养了他对戏剧的爱好。1585年前后，他离开家乡去伦敦，先在剧院打杂，后来当上一名演员，进而改编和编写剧本。莎士比亚除了参加演出和编剧，还广泛接触社会，常常随剧团出入宫廷或来到乡间。这些经历扩大了他的视野，为他的创作打下了基础。
1590年到1600年是莎士比亚创作的早期，又称为历史剧、喜剧时期。这一时期莎士比亚人文主义思想和艺术风格渐渐形成。当时的英国正处于伊丽莎白女王统治的鼎盛时期，王权稳固统一，经济繁荣。莎士比亚对在现实社会中实现人文主义理想充满信心，作品洋溢着乐观明朗的色彩。这一时期，他写的历史剧包括《理查三世》（1592）、《亨利四世》（上下集）（1597—1598）和《 亨利五世 》（1599）等9部。剧本的基本主题是拥护中央王权，谴责封建暴君和歌颂开明君主。比如，《亨利四世》展现的是国内局势动荡的画面，贵族们联合起来反叛国王，但叛乱最终被平息；王太子早先生活放荡，后来认识错误，在平定内乱中立下战功。剧作中，历史事实和艺术虚构达到高度统一。人物形象中以福斯塔夫最为生动，此人自私、懒惰、畏缩，却又机警、灵巧、乐观，令人忍俊不禁。

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was born to John Shakespeare and mother Mary Arden some time in late April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. There is no record of his birth, but his baptism was recorded by the church, thus his birthday is assumed to be the 23 of April. His father was a prominent and prosperous alderman in the town of Stratford-upon-Avon, and was later granted a coat of arms by the College of Heralds. All that is known of Shakespeare's youth is that he presumably attended the Stratford Grammar School, and did not proceed to Oxford or Cambridge. The next record we have of him is his marriage to Anne Hathaway in 1582. The next year she bore a daughter for him, Susanna, followed by the twins Judith and Hamnet two years later.

Seven years later Shakespeare was recognized as an actor, poet, and playwright, when a rival playwright, Robert Greene, referred to him as "an upstart crow" in "A Groatsworth of Wit." A few years later he joined up with one of the most successful acting troupes in London: "The Lord Chamberlain's Men." When, in 1599, the troupe lost the lease of the theatre where they performed (appropriately called "The Theatre"), they were wealthy enough to build their own theatre across the Thames, south of London, which they called "The Globe." The new theatre opened in July of 1599, built from the timbers of "The Theatre", with the motto "Totus mundus agit histrionem" (A whole world of players). When James I came to the throne (1603) the troupe was designated by the new king as the "King's Men" (or "King's Company"). The Letters Patent of the company specifically charged Shakespeare and eight others "freely to use and exercise the art and faculty of playing Comedies, Tragedies, Histories, Interludes, Morals, Pastorals, stage plays ... as well for recreation of our loving subjects as for our solace and pleasure."

Shakespeare entertained the King and the people for another ten years until June 19, 1613, when a canon fired from the roof of the theatre for a gala performance of Henry VIII set fire to the thatch roof and burned the theatre to the ground. The audience ignored the smoke from the roof at first, being to absorbed in the play, until the flames caught the walls and the fabric of the curtains. Amazingly there were no casualties, and the next spring the company had the theatre "new builded in a far fairer manner than before." Although Shakespeare invested in the rebuilding, he retired from the stage to the Great House of New Place in Statford that he had purchased in 1597, and some considerable land holdings ,where he continued to write until his death in 1616 on the day of his 52nd birthday.