双扣新手教学:可以帮忙翻译成英文吗

来源:百度文库 编辑:杭州交通信息网 时间:2024/04/28 19:38:21
一、中国人思维方式的特点
1、 偏好形象思维(imagination)
形象思维是人在头脑了对记忆表象进行分析综合、加工改造,从而形成新的表象的心理过程,它是思维的一种特殊形式,即通常的想象。所谓表象是指在物体并没有呈现的情况下,头脑中所出现的该物体的形象。例如,每当我们回想一个熟人时,他的容貌就立刻浮现出来。
中国人的形象思维较为发达,就包涵着对于直观经验的重视,而在理论上却往往停留在经验论。人们广泛运用形象类比的方法,通过物体的形象表达思想,得到思想后可以忘掉形象,超越经验而获得只觉得体悟。但直觉体悟难以言传。若要言传,又回到经验论的体系之中。经验论习惯以旧的经验类比和理解新事物,把它纳入原有的知识体系中。这种思维方式要求学会触类旁通,举一知十的类比、联想。
形象思维有其长处,思维科学和教育科学的一个重要结论是:任何知识及教学利用形象思维予以说明,就容易被人们理解、学习和掌握。但是如果抽象思维不足,人们就容易停留在经验阶段,对问题出缺乏系统和理论的阐述。直觉思维的长处,是以经验为参照,从整体上把握对象,有时能体验出逻辑思维所不能揭示的意境。其缺点是不够严密,对对象的认识模糊不清晰。如中医的经络学说就是如此。
2、 偏好综合思维
综合思维(synthesis)是指在思想上将对象的各个部分联合为整体,将它的各种属性、方面、联系等联合起来。由于中国人偏好综合,导致了思维上整体(holistic)优先。综合思维方式是强调对自然界、人类社会的整体性、统一性的认识,即整体概念普遍联系。当进行综合思维和整体思维时,先整体后局部,注意了整体,而使得局部容易被忽视,变得模糊,形成一种笼统地模糊的思维特点。
3、注重伦理思维
中国是一个伦理的国度,伦理思维模式已经深入到了民族骨髓。中国社会气的宇宙观决定了中国人对天的崇拜。《史记•天官书》、《汉书•天文志》、《晋书•天文志》以及其他早期的文献记载都万口一词、诚惶诚恐地把最高的权威追溯到天之中央。中国的天界即以北极帝星为中心构建了一个结构严谨的像金字塔的国家机器,人间的一切都由天来决定。可以看出,天是绝对一统的权威。这种思维方式很明显地呈现出伦理性的特点和一体化的政治倾向,这是古代中国人的思维方式。中国人的理想是来自天的秩序,靠的是道德力量的维系,这就决定了中国人注重人事、习惯人治并通过人治来实现政治一体化的思维方式。于是在国家宗法制与家庭宗法制同构的。基础上建立起了一体化的封建大帝国。这个帝国为了整体的利益,不惜牺牲个体的权利甚至生命。所以古代中国人的人权远不及西方,个人的权利随时都会被践踏
4、 曲线的思维方式
中西方人的思维轨迹是不同的,中国人的思维轨迹是圆形的、曲线的,西方人的思维轨迹是直线的。中国文化是圆形文化、曲线文化。中国的天像是圆形的。圆形的宇宙哲学意识深深地扎根在中国人的心中。北朝民歌“敕勒川,阴山下,天似穹庐,笼盖四野”就是这种文化的体现。《周易》的太极图是圆形的;阴阳的互相转化始终走不出圆形的桎梏。儒道互补的文化特色是圆形的,也在太极图的规范之内。既然是圆形的思维方式,有圆必有圆心,于是中国人认为北极是天之中央,众星辰围着北极而转,与此相对应形成了古代中国人的中央思想,中央是绝对权威,一切都得围绕中央而转,围绕皇帝而转,中国两千多年的封建社会,经历多少次的改朝换代,中央集权制的官僚政体一直保存了下来。

First, Chinese thinking mode characteristic
1st, by chance thinking in images (imagination)
The thinking in images was the human has carried on the analysis synthesis, the processing transformation in the brains to the memory representation, thus formed the new representation the psychological process, it was the thought one kind of special form, namely usual imagination. The so-called representation is refers in the situation which the object has not presented, in the brains appears this object image. For example, whenever we recollected when an acquaintance, his appearance immediately reappears.
Chinese's thinking in images is developed, is forgiving regarding the direct-viewing experience value, but in theoretically often pauses actually in the empiricism. The people widely utilize vivid analogy the method, through the object image expression thought, after obtains the thought to be possible to forget the image, the surmounting experience but obtains only thought realizes from experience. But the intuition realizes from experience explains with difficulty. If explains, also returns to the empiricism in the system. The empiricism custom by old experience analogy and understood the new thing, brings into line with it in the original knowledge system. This kind of thinking mode request academic society understands by analogy, lifts as soon as knows ten analogy, the association.
The thinking in images has its strong point, the thought science and an education science important conclusion is: Any knowledge and the teaching showed using the thinking in images that, easily by the people was understood, studies and grasps. But if abstract thinking insufficient, the people on are easy to pause in the experience stage, leaves to the question lacks the system and the theory elaboration. The intuition thought strong point, is take the experience as the reference, grasps the object from the whole, sometimes can experience the ideal condition which the logical thinking cannot promulgate. Its shortcoming is insufficiently strict, is not clear to the object lack of clear understanding. Like the Chinese medicine channels and collaterals theory is so.
2nd, by chance comprehensive thought
The comprehensive thought (synthesis) is refers in thought general object each part is a whole jointly, its each kind of attribute, the aspect, the relation and so on unites. Because the Chinese synthesizes by chance, has caused in the thought the whole (holistic) first. The comprehensive thinking mode is the emphasis to the nature, human society's integrity, the unified understanding, namely overall concept universal relation. When carries on the synthesis thought and the overall thought, after first whole partial, has paid attention to the whole, but partial causes easily to neglect, changes fuzzily, forms one kind of generally fuzzy thought characteristic.
3rd, attention ethics thought
China is an ethics state,Ethics thought pattern already penetrated into the national marrow. The Chinese society was mad the worldview has decided the Chinese to the day the worship. "Shihchi □天官书", "Han History □Astronomy Will", "Jin Shu □Astronomy Will" and all that early literature record an all ten thousand word, in reverential awe trace the highest authority to central committee of the day. China's day namely has constructed a structure rigorous picture pyramid's state apparatus take the North Pole alpha of ursa minor as the center,World all decided by the day. May see,The day is absolutely a series authority. This thinking mode very obviously presents the peerless rational characteristic and the integrated political orientation,This was the ancient times Chinese's thinking mode. Chinese's ideal is comes from the day order,Depends on is moral strength maintaining,This had decided the Chinese pays great attention to the human affairs, the custom rule by people and realizes the political integration thinking mode through the rule by people. Thereupon in national ancestor legal system and family ancestor legal system isomorphism. In the foundation founded the integrated feudal big empire. This empire for whole benefit,Spares no sacrifice the individual right even life. Therefore ancient times Chinese's human rights far inferior west,Individual right can trample as necessary
4th, curve thinking mode
Center westerner's thought path is different,Chinese's thought path is the circular, the curve,Westerner's thought path is the straight line. The Chinese culture is the circular culture, the curve culture. China's celestial phenomenon is a circular. The circular universe philosophy realizes deeply deeply takes root in Chinese's heart. Northern Dynasty folk song "Chile Sichuan,Under Yin,The day resembles the yurt,The cage covers four is wild "is this kind of cultural manifesting. "Book of Change" 太极图 is a circular;The masculine and feminine elements mutual transformation cannot go out the circular throughout the shackles. The Confucian said the supplementary cultural characteristic is a circular,Also in 太极图 standard. Since is the circular thinking mode,Has the circle to have to have the center of a circle,Thereupon the Chinese thought the North Pole is central committee of the day,The numerous stars gather round the North Pole but to transfer,Corresponded with this has formed the ancient times Chinese's central thought,The central committee is absolutely authoritative,All must revolve the central committee but to transfer,Revolves emperor but to transfer,China more than 2,000 years feudal society,Experiences how many changing from one dynasty to another,The central collection authority and legality bureaucrat regime has preserved continuously down.