飞向太空的航程优质课:引语的作用 语文

引语分为直接引语与间接引语，

细节决定高分--直接引语和间接引语

首先我们需要知道的是，引语分为直接引语与间接引语，在文章中但凡出现了引语，其引语内容所要表达的思想仅仅是被引用人的观点，除非作者对该内容明显表现出一定的态度，否则引语内的所表达的思想仅仅是被引用人的，与作者态度无关，我们也可以说作者仅仅客观地表述了一下他人的观点而已。

今天我们先看看直接引语部分，直接引语很好辨别，大家只要注意引号就可以了。最近真题中最具有代表性的是CET-4 2004.6阅读理解当中的一篇：

As soon as it was revealed that a reporter for Progressive magazine had discovered how to make a hydrogen bomb, a group of firearm (火器) fans formed the National Hydrogen Bomb Association, and they are now lobbying against any legislation to stop Americans from owning one.

"The Constitution," said the association's spokesman, "gives everyone the right to own arms. It doesn't spell out what kind of arms. But since anyone can now make a hydrogen bomb, the public should be able to buy it to protect themselves."

"Don't you think it's dangerous to have one in the house, particularly where there are children around?"

"The National Hydrogen Bomb Association hopes to educate people in the safe handling of this type of weapon. We are instructing owners to keep the bomb in a locked cabinet and the fuse (导火索 ) separately in a drawer."

"Some people consider the hydrogen bomb a very fatal weapon which could kill somebody."

The spokesman said, "Hydrogen bombs don't kill people - people kill people. The bomb is for self-protection and it also has a deterrent effect. If somebody knows you have a nuclear weapon in your house, they're going to think twice about breaking in."

"But those who want to ban the bomb for American citizens claim that if you have one locked in the cabinet, with the fuse in a drawer, you would never be able to assemble it in time to stop an intruder (侵入者) "

"Another argument against allowing people to own a bomb is that at the moment it is very expensive to build one. So what your association is backing is a program which would allow the middle and upper classes to acquire a bomb while poor people will be left defenseless with just handguns."

我们不难看出，第一段是作者客观地讲述了一个事实，作者本身并没有给出倾向性的意见。而随后的段落都是有引号的。虽然里面对本文所讲述的内容有很多主观的看法和见解，但是我们需要注意的是，这些见解是他人的，而非作者的。根据这篇文章我们可以知道部分是支持私人拥有氢弹者，部分是反对私人拥有氢弹者。

如17题，Some people oppose the ownership of H-bombs by individuals on the ground that ______.以及19题，According to the passage , opponents of the private ownership of H-bombs are very much worried about that ______. 这里我们就需要根据说话者的身份在文章里面进行定位，关注哪些引语是引用了反对者的话语，并进行分析答题。

而具有争议性的最后一道题目中，

From the tone of the passage we know that the author is _____.

A. doubtful about the necessity of keeping H-bombs at home for safety

B. unhappy with those who vote against the ownership of H-bombs

C. not serious about the private ownership of H-bombs

D. concerned about the spread of nuclear weapons

其中我们通过了解了引语的作用后，就可以知道作者在这篇文章中所表现出的立场是中立而客观的，通过对四组词组的分析，doubtful about, unhappy with, not serious about以及 concern about中，只有concern about关注并没有体现住作者本身的情感立场问题，因此可以说D选项应该是更符合的。

下面我们来看看间接引语。首先我们要知道，在文章中间，间接引语的形式不仅仅局限在say that中，我们还需要注意诸如argue, think, consider, hold, insist, quarrel, feel等词汇。例如在Cet-4 2002.1的一篇阅读中：

Some pessimistic experts feel that …. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will….

What is the author's attitude toward the future autos?

A. enthusiastic

B. pessimistic

C. optimistic

D. cautious

这里我们可以知道客观事实中，专家对汽车的未来有两种看法，而根据下文的内容，我们发现作者是在谈论未来的汽车的，那么代表作者支持了后一种专家的看法。如Cet-4 2004.6中一篇阅读中：

For decades educators fought his idea that …. They assumed language must be based on speech….

Most educators objected to Stokoe's idea because they thought ______.

A. sign language was not extensively used even by deaf people

B. sign language was too artificial to be wide accepted

C. a language should be easy to use and understand

D. a language could only exist in the form of speech sounds

通过文章里他们说的内容，很容易得到正确答案。

最近的一次四级考试中，…President Bush certainly thinks so. He has argued that tapping ANWR's oil would help ease California electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the country's energy independence….

What does President Bush think of tapping oil in ANWR?

A. It will exhaust the nation's oil reserves.

B. It will help secure the future of ANWR.

C. It will help reduce the nation's oil imports.

D. It will increase American's energy consumption.

我们通过argued可以定位到布什所讲话的内容，通过分析，可以知道他的观点有两个：一，减轻加州电力危机；二，推进国家能源独立。通过对选项的分析，得出正确选项。

加强对间接引语的敏感，可以让我们在进行阅读的过程中，更加容易地对细节题目中题干的有效信息进行定位。