女弹药改版加点:麻烦英文好的帮忙翻译一下

来源:百度文库 编辑:杭州交通信息网 时间:2024/05/01 08:35:20
从中国发展的历史过程来看,创新一直是中国社会发展的稀缺要素。从秦始皇的“楚书坑儒”,到清朝的文字狱,我们可以看出,几千年的中国发展历史,其实是一部对创新肆意摧残和压抑的历史。虽然有局部的技术创新存在,但由于缺乏思想创新和科学创新,所以技术创新对社会发展的影响只能起到局部的作用,或者只能用到错误的方向上去。如火药用来造爆竹,指南针用来看风水,印刷术用来印封建教义,造出的纸用来为祖先烧纸钱等等。所以,思想创新以及科学创新的缺乏,是长期制约中国社会发展的主要原因。

创新是一个社会发展的根本动力,这已被历史和现实所证实,问题是在中国,创新只所以成为稀缺要素,并不是中国没有创新的源泉,而主要是中国缺乏对创新的制度保障。

为什么在中国会缺乏创新的制度保障?原因是总体性的。

首先,封建等级官僚制度本质上是阻碍创新的。这种等级制分配财富的基本原则是:级别和权力。级别越高,权力也就越大,相应分配到的社会财富也就越多。反之,则反之。这种以级别分配财富的渠道有两条:一条是正式渠道,即按明文规定的分配原则,进行社会财富的分配,级别越高,享受的待遇也就越高;另一条是非正式渠道,主要是利用手中权力寻租,变相地占有财富。这种等级制最终造成了财富分配的两极结构:一级是少数人有了大量的社会财富,另一级都是大多数人只能维持在生存线上。其结果是:对于占有大量社会财富的少数人,虽然有创新的实力,但他们却没有创新的动力,同时这些少数人更害怕别人创新;对于大多数挣扎在生存线上的人们,虽然有创新的需求,但没有创新的能力。另外,由于少数占有大量社会财富的人在游戏规则的制定中占有优势地位,由于他们本身害怕创新,所以体现在社会制度层面,缺乏对创新的保障制度也就成了一种必然。

其次,家庭本位式的伦理体系也不利于创新制度的建设。这种以血缘为中心的伦理原则直接决定了中国社会另一种财富分配的主要法则:以血缘为中心,接亲疏远近分配财富。当然,这种以血缘为中心的财富分配方式在世界各国都有不同程序的表现,但在中国表现的更为严重。其结果是:由于血缘的作用,创新并不能保证财富的增加。处在血缘中心的人,可能有创新能力,但创新动力很弱,而处于血缘外围的人,可能对创新即没有动力,也没有能力。
再次,由于中国历史上并没有形成有效的私有财产保护制度,从而创新的收益就不能得到有效保护,这也直接减弱了创新的动力。
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麻烦了。。我知道也许太长。。就算翻译一段也好。。作业急需。。。

The historical process develops which from China looked that, the innovation always is the Chinese society development scarce essential factor. From Chin Shihhuang "Chu Shukeng the Confucian", to Qing Dynasty's literary inquisition, we may see, several millenniums Chinese development histories, actually are the history which devastates recklessly to the innovation and constrains. Although has the partial technical innovation existence, but because lacks the thought innovation and the science innovation, therefore the technical innovation only can play to the social development influence to the partial role, or only can use to the wrong direction to come up. Like the gunpowder uses for to make the firecracker, the compass uses for the practice geomancy, the printing method uses for the India feudalism religious doctrine, composes the paper uses for the ancestor to burn paper money and so on. Therefore, the thought innovation as well as science innovation lacking, is restricts the Chinese society development for a long time the main reason.

The innovation is a social development basic power, this already confirmed by the history and the reality, the question is in China, the innovation only therefore becomes the scarce essential factor, is not the Chinese innovation fountainhead, but mainly is China lacks to the innovation system safeguard.

Why can lack the innovation in China the system safeguard? The reason is the overall.

First, the feudal rank bureaucrat system essentially hinders the innovation. This rank system assignment wealth basic principle is: Rank and authority. Rank higher, authority also bigger, correspondingly assigns to the public wealth are also more. Otherwise, then otherwise. This kind has two by the rank assignment wealth channel: Is the official channel, namely according to the assignment principle which 明文规定, carries on the public wealth the assignment, the rank high, enjoys the treatment is also higher; Another is the non- official channel, mainly is uses in the hand the authority to seek, holds the wealth in disguised form. This rank system has created the wealth assignment two-pole structure finally: A level was the small number of people had the massive public wealth, another level all was the majority person only can maintain at survival on-line. Its result is: Regarding small number of people which holds the massive public wealth, although has the innovation the strength, but they do not have the innovation actually the power, at the same time these small numbers of people are afraid others innovation; Regarding majority struggles in the survival on-line people, although has the innovation the demand, but does not have the innovation the ability. Moreover, because minority holds the massive public wealth the human holds the superiority status in the game rule formulation, because their itself is afraid the innovation, therefore manifests in the social system stratification plane, lacked has also become one kind of necessity to the innovation safeguard system.

Next, the family standard -like ethics system does not favor the innovation system the construction. This kind has decided the Chinese society another kind of wealth assignment main principle directly take the blood relationship as the central ethics principle: Take the blood relationship as the center, fetches the bride sparsely far and near assigns the wealth. Certainly, this kind all has the different procedure take the blood relationship as the central wealth assignment way in the various countries the performance, but displays in China is more serious. Its result is: As a result of the blood relationship function, the innovation cannot guarantee the wealth the increase. Occupies the blood relationship center person, possibly has innovates the ability, but the innovation power is very weak, but is in the blood relationship periphery the human, possibly namely does not have the power to the innovation, also does not have the ability.
Once more, because in the Chinese history has not formed the effective private property protection system, thus innovates the income cannot obtain the effective protection, this directly has also weakened the innovation power.怎么样可以吗?野女孩950你怎么学我啊

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History process develop from China to see, the innovation hases been Chinese society to develop sparse to lack the main factor.From the Qin Shi huang's" Chu the book pit, to the writing jail of the Manchu Dynasty, we can see, several thousand years of Chinese development history, is a to trample upon to the innovation without restraint in fact and depressive history.Although have the technique innovation of the part, because of lacking to thought the innovation and science innovation, so the function that the technique influence of the innovation upon the social development can rise the part only, or the direction that can use the mistake only go up.If the explosive uses to build the firecracker, the mariner's compass uses to examine site of building, the art preservative of all art uses to print the feudalism doctrine, the paper that builds uses to burn the paper money etc. for the ancestry.So, the thought innovation and sciences lack creatively, is the long-term check and supervision main reason of the Chinese social development.

The innovation is the basic motive of a social development, this already drive history and a confirmation, the problem is in China, the innovation is only so become sparse to lack the main factor, is not to there is no creative headspring in China, but mainly is China to lack to guarantee to the creative system.

Why in China would lack the creative system guarantee?The reason is total and sexual.

First, the feudalism grade bureaucrat system essentially is to obstruct the creative.The basic principle of this kind of grade system allotment wealth is:Class and power.The Class is more high, power also more big, social wealth that corresponds to assign also more many.Whereas, then whereas.This kind of outlet that assigns the wealth with the Class contain 2:An is a formal outlet, then press the allotment principle of the clear statement provision, carrying on the allotment of the society wealth, the Class is more high, the treatment that enjoy also more high;Another is an informal outlet, mainly is to make use of the power in hand to look for to rent, become to occupy the wealth mutually.This kind of grade system was end to result in two pole structures of the wealth allotment:A class is a handful of men contain in great quantities social wealth, another a classes are all most peoples and can maintain only at exist on-line.Its result is:For occupy a great deal of handful of men of society wealth, although have the creative real strenght, but they have no creative motive, these a handful of mens even fear other people's innovation at the same time;For most flounders are existing the on-line people, although have the creative need, have no creative ability.Moreover, the occupancy advantage position in the establishment of the rules of the game because of a handful of persons who occupy a great deal of society wealth, because of their frightened innovation, so the social system level of now of body, lacked to also became to the creative guarantee system a kind of inevitable.

The next in order, the ethics system of the family basis type is is also disadvantageous in the construction of the innovation system.This kind of ethics principle that take blood relationship as the center comes to a decision Chinese social another main rule of wealth allotment directly:Take blood relationship as the center, connect the close or distant friends far near allotment wealth.Certainly, this kind of wealth that take blood relationship as the center assigns the way to all have the performance of different procedure in the international communities, but expressional in China of more serious.Its result is:Because of the function of the blood relationship, innovation also can't guarantee wealth of increment.Be placed in the person of the blood relationship center, may have the creative ability, but the creative motive is very weak, and be placed in the person of the blood relationship outer circle, may has no motive to the innovation namely, also having no ability.
Again, because the Chinese history did not become the valid private possession protection system up, the thus creative income can't get the valid protection, this also died down the creative motive directly.