中医网扁平疣:我上高中,想了解一下定语从句(高分)

1,that,which,who,whom,whose,where,when,why分别的使用场合

各种关系代词的使用方法
a) 关系代词who的用法
i. who 的前行词必须是人，在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾
语的whom,但是它前边不能有介词，如果带了介词就必须用宾格的whom:
（介词+whom）

This is the teacher who teaches us mathematics.
She is the girl who (whom) I met at the party. （可以替代）
She is the girl whom (who) I went there with. （可以替代）
She is the girl with whom I went there. （不可替代）
ii. who，that在很多情况下可以通用，但是有些情况只能用who:
1. 先行词是one, ones, anyone的时候宜用who.
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
The ones who flatter me don’t please me.
Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it.
Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.
2. 先行词为those的时候，宜用who为关系代词
Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes
made of the magic cloth.
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.
3. 当先行词有比较长的后置定语的时候
I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could asked me questions in
Chinese.
4. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词为that,另一个则用
who.
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
5. 在there be 开头的句子中
There is an old man who wants to see you.
There are many young men who are against him.

b) 关系代词whose的用法
whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。当代物的时候，它相当于of which.
I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.
I’ll call a person whose father knows you.
Which is the car whose owner you know? (Which is the car the owner of which
you know)
Please show me the book whose cover is red. (Please show me the book the
cover of which is red)

c) 关系代词that的用法
首先特别注意，that只能用在限定性定语从句中，在非限定性定语从句中永远不能选用
that, 另外介词后边也不可用that, 而是跟which.
在限定性定语从句中，which和that在代替物的时候，一般可以通用。
The money that (which) is in the wallet is mine.

有些情况下，只宜用that,而不宜用which
i. 先行词是最高级形容词或者它前面有最高级形容词的时候
This is the best that has been used against pollution.
English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these
years.
ii. 先行词是序数词，或者它前面有一个序数词的时候
He is the last person (that) I want to see.
It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen.
iii. 主句已有疑问词who或者which的时候
Which is the bike that you lost?
Who is the woman that was praixed at the meeting?
iv. 先行词既有人又有物，宜用that
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police
station.
v. 先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing,
none, the one等不定代词时
You should hand in all that you have.
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
I mean the one that you talked about just now.
vi. 先行词前面Only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, the same, the very 等
词修饰的时候
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.
Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class.
vii. 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which, 另外一个宜用that.
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen
before.

d) 关系代词which的用法
在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用which, 不宜用that.
Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city.

在限定性定语从句中which和that在指代物的时候常常可以通用，但是有时只宜用which
而不用that
i. 关系代词前面有介词的时候
This is the hotel in which you will stay.
ii. 如果有两个定语从句，其中的一句的关系词是that, 另一句宜用which.
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly
open to us.

关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。例如：
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：
His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

2,定语从句的注意点,怎么就能提高正确率
关系代词与介词，关系代词的省略
a) 关系代词和介词
介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词短语只能用which代物，和用whom代人
This is the hero of whom we are proud.
I want to find the very pen with which I wrote that letter.

当介词放在句子的末尾时，可用that/which代物，that/whom/who来作为介词的宾语，
且这个做介词宾语的关系代词往往忽略
This is the hero that (who/whom/忽略) we are proud of.

b) 关系代词的省略
首先注意只有限定性定语从句才能省略，非限定性定语从句绝对不能省略。
在下列情况下，可以省略关系代词。
i. 当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语的时候
The people (who) we met at the party were very friendly to us.
ii. 关系代词在从句中作介词，而介词在句尾时
Here is the man (that) you have been looking for.
iii. 关系代词在从句中作表语时
Shang Hai is no longer the city (that) it used to be.
iv. 在there be句型中，和先行词为way时，关系代词总是省略
There is an old man (who ) wants to see you.
I don’t like the way (that) you talk to somebody else.

注意，有些动词+介词所组成的短语动词，关系非常紧密，介词不能前置

定语从句注意事项
a) one of + 复数名词 +关系代词+复数型动词
the (only) one of + 复数名词+关系代词+单数型动词
The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of
visitors.
Titanic is the (only) one of the most wonderful movies that has been
produced in Hollywood.
b) What不能用于定语从句中。

as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。
先行词和关系词二合一
1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）
2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用all that代替）
what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything。例如：
What you want has been sent here. 你要的动词都送来了。
Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。
2） who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如：
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法，与庶民同罪。
（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear. 谁抢了银行还不清楚。
3） that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：
I think（that）you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。
What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践
这些应该足够掌握了

在下小学生，that等在此处不翻译原意，他连接的是两个句子，如
The library is a place which you can read books in it.
是”图书馆是一个可以看书的地方。“
which 作为一个连接词翻译成”的“。
在下略知皮毛请见量。

有很多细微处需要注意的
尤其的是限定性和非限定性
注意有时候是状语从句或者是同位语从句
你有问题可以加QQ问我,我觉得自己的语法学的还不错
49741203

支持楼上!!!

▲关系词的意义及作用
定语从句是中学阶段英语语法中十分重要的一个语法项目。它在句子中出现的频率很高。对正确理解句子的意义起着举足轻重的作用。定语从句分为：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
定语从句一般都紧跟在它所修饰的名词后面，所以如果在名词或代词后面出现一个从句，可以根据它与前面名词或代词的逻辑关系来判断是否是定语从句。
被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做"先行词"。引导定语从句的词叫"关系词"。关系词有两个作用：
一、引导定语从句。
二、代替先行词在其引导的定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。
理解和牢记这两条概念，弄清楚关系词在定语从句充当什么成分，是掌握定语从句的关键。
▲关系词的选用与判断
在前一节中我们讲到正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键。关系词的选择完全取决于先行词在定语从句中所充当的是什么成分。关系词一共有九个，它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。
关系词 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 说 明
that 人/物 人/物 √ × √ 不能用于非限定性从句
which 物 物 × × √
who 人 × × × ×
whom × 人 × × ×
whose × × × 人/物 ×
when × × × × √
where × × × × √
why × × × × √
as 主要用于非限制性的定语从句和such…as, the same…as, as…as结构中。
▲关系词的选用
1. 先行词为all, everything, nothing等不定代词，代替物时，定语从句that用引导。
注：something后一般用which。
Is there anything that you want to explain?
In 1898 they declared that they believed there was something in nature which gave out radiation.
2. 先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词或only, very, none, no, little, few, much等修饰时，定语从句用that引导。
This is the only reason that I can say.
This is the first step that can be taken.
It is the best one that you may choose.
3. way后面的定语从句，引导定语从句有三种情况：
a. 在比较正式的文体中用in which；
b. 一般情况下用that；
c. in which和that省去。
a. I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood.
It was clear that the speaker now trusted Tom from the way in which these words were said.
b. Lincoln asked the people to think of slavery in the way that these men did.
Mary, there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.
c. That's the way I looked at it.
The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.
4. 先行词是表示地点的名词时（country, school, room…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词＋which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据
先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
The room where(=in which)he used to live has now been turned into a museum.
The desk where(=on which)I put my bag is his.
This is the school where(=in which)I joined the Party.
定语从句（二）
▲关系词的选用与判断（续）
5. 先行词是表示时间的名词（year, month, day, night…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词＋which的结构。值得注意的是which前介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
在掌握第4、第5条时应特别注意：介词的位置变化以及相应的关系词的变化。请分析下面两个句子。
①那就是他工作的大学。
┏ at which he works.
┣ which he works at.
That is the college ┣ where he works.
┣ that he works at.
┗ he works at.
②它出生的那一天是1952年8月20日。
┏ on which he was born
┣ which he was born on
The day ┣ when he was born was Aug.20,1952.
┣ that he was born on
┗ he was born on
6. 除了第4、第5条中when，where可以用介词＋关系词这种用法外。还有其他情况也可以用这种结构。即： 介词＋which。或介词＋whom。请看下面例句：
This is the classmate with whom I'll go to the cinema.
The subject in which I'm most interested is English.
We can see the method by which the computer works.
在这种结构中，介词与先行词组成短语，在从句中充当句子成分，因此介词的选用时受到一定限制的，仍然根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
三、关于as引导定语从句的问题
as引导定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和the same…as，such…as，as…as的结构中。
1. as与which都可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，并代表前面整个句子或主句中的表语。
He married the girl，as(which)was natural.
He seemed a freigner, as(which)in fact he was.
不同的是：as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不行。
As was natural, he married the girl.
2. 在the same…as, such…as, as…as结构中，same, such, as之后应是名词或形容词＋名词。
We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.
Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as a dog does.
We hope to get such a tool as he is using.
这三种结构也可以用which改写。但要去掉这种结构，不能直接用which代替as。以上三句分别可以改写成：
We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.
Some people have no doubt that their cat understands the words which a dog understands.
We hope to get the tool which he is using.
3.the same…as与the same…that引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是与先行词同样的东西。试比较：
This is the same watch as I lost.
这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只）
This is the same watch that I lost.
这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只）
●注意事项：
1. 一般说来，除了用定语从句解释名词或泛指外，先行词前应有定冠词the。
2. 在限制性定语从句中which, whom, that充当宾语时，可以省略。而在非限制性定语从句中whom, who, which 不能省略。
3. 在含有非限制性定语从句的复合句中从句与主句之间应该用逗号隔开。
4. 定语从句与同位语从句的区别。首先看引导从句的关系词that是否在从句中充当句子成分。如果在从句中充当主、宾、表，则是定语从句。再看that前的名词是否是一些需要有内容的名词，如：idea, fact, thought, news等。后面的从句是说明其内容的，（这个名词在后面的从句中不充当任何成分），这个从句则是同位语从句。
He expressed the hope that he has had for many years.
hope在从句中不充当句子成分，又加上后面从句是说明hope的内容的，因此是同位语从句。
5. the reason why(=for which)是由why或for which引导的定语从句。而the reason that也是that引导的定语从句。that往往省略。
This is the reason why he was late. =This is the reason (that)he was late.
6. 当主句中有who, which时，而定语从句中也要用到who或which时，为了避免who…who, which…which等重叠，定语从句用that引导。
Who is the man that is standing by the door?
Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?
7. 先行词为人和物作并列成分时，定语从句用that引导。
John and his dog that were here a moment ago disappear now.
8. 不论人或物在定语从句中作表语时，用that引导定语从句，而that通常省掉。
He is no longer the man that he was.
9. "one of＋可数名词复数"引导的定语从句中，谓语动词应用复数；而"one of＋可数名词复数"前有the，only或the only修饰，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数。
He is one of the students who study very hard at school.
He is the(only/the only) one of the students who studies very hard at school.
▲what 与高考
一、用作连接代词，引导名词性从句。
1. 引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语，宾语或表语。
[高考考例]
1. ______ made the school proud was _____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. [2003上海春季高考 33]
A. What; because B. What; that
C. That; what D. That; became
[思路点拨]
答案为B。 What引导主语从句，在从句中作主语；that引导表语从句，在表语从句中起连接作用。
[高考考例]
2. _______ she couldn't understand was _____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. [2000上海高考 27]
A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that
[思路点拨]
答案为A。主语从句she couldn't understand 缺少宾语，要用what 引导。表语从句fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons 是一个完整的句子，要用why 引导。译文：为什么越来越少的学生对她的课感兴趣。故选A。
[注]：有时为了保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，放句首，用what连接的主语从句作真正主语放句末。
[高考考例]
3. It's pretty well understood _____ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.
A. that B. when C. what D. how
[思路点拨]
答案为C。what引导主语从句，what在从句中作主语。
2. 引导表语从句，在从句中充当主语/表语/宾语。
[高考考例]
4. --- Are you still thinking about yesterday's game?
--- Oh, that's _________. [2003北京春季高考 25]
A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about
C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited
[思路点拨]
答案为A。此题考查what 引导表语从句，在表语从句中作主语。
[高考考例]
5. Perseverance is a kind of quality--and that's ______ it takes to do anything well. [2002上海高考 40]
A. what B. that C. which D. why
[思路点拨]
答案为A. 这是一个表语从句。构成It takes sth to do sth 的句型。译文：坚定不移是一种品质--坚定不移使人们做好任何事情。
3. 引导宾语从句，在从句中充当主语宾语或表语。
[高考考例]
6. People have heard what the president has said; they are waiting to see ____ he will do. [2003安徽春季高考24]
A. how B. what C. when D. that
[思路点拨]
答案为B。此题考查what引导的宾语从句，在从句中作do的宾语。排除A/C/D故选B.
[高考考例]
7. When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule. Always give the monkey ______ he wants. [2002上海 38]
A. what B. which C. when D. that
[思路点拨]
答案为A。这是一个宾语从句，wants后面缺少宾语，所以要填写what。译文：当你在找工作面试回答问题时，请记住这条黄金定律：永远给予对方确定想要的东西。
[高考考例]
8. A computer can only do ______ you have introduced it to do.
A. how B. after C. what D. when [2001NMET 31]
[思路点拨]
答案为C。这是宾语从句，宾语从句中to do 缺少宾语，所以要选择what.
又如：
1. Little Tom was reluctant to tell the school master what he had done the day before. [2001上海春季31]
2. --- I think it is going to be a big problem.
--- Yes, it could be.
--- I wonder _____ we can do about it. [2002春季28]
A. if B. how C. what D. that
[思路点拨]
答案为C。考查宾语从句。
二、用于感叹句中表示一种惊讶。
[高考考例]
9. ______ role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar.
A. How interesting B. How an interesting
C. What interesting D. What an interesting
[思路点拨]
答案为D。此题考查what 用于感叹句中表示惊讶。
又如：(1) What a long way it is from Beijing to London! [MET1989]
(2) What fine weather we are having today! [MET1983]
(3) Oh, John. What a pleasant surprise you gave us! [MET1990]
三、what 在强调数量少时与little/ few 连用。意为"尽管…很少也都，尽管一点点…也都"。
[高考考例]
10. The home improvements have taken what little there is ____ my spare time.
A. from B. in C. of D. at [2001NMET]
[思路点拨]
答案为C。译文：家庭改善花去了我仅有的一点点空余时间。
又如: I spent what little time I had with my family.
译文：我仅有的那一点时间都与家人度过了。
四、在交际英语中的短语考查。
1. What for:为什么，为何目的。
e.g.: --- I'm going to the park.
--- What for?
2. What if? 要是…怎么办？假使…将会怎么样？
e.g.: What if he doesn't come?
3. What's… like?
e.g.（1）
---What's the new teacher like?
--- He's got a red beard./ He is honest, loyal and kind-hearted .
e.g.（2）
--- What's the weather like today?
--- It's sunny/ rainy/cold/cloudy/．．．
▲强调句型"六强调"
It作引导词，用于强调结构，一般用来强调陈述句中除谓语动词以外的大多数句子成分，包括主语、宾语、状语和相关从句等，用来加强语气。这种强调句型一般用"It be +被强调部分+that（who）+其它部分"来构成，常用于现在时和过去时。如：
I happened to meet Tom in the street the day before yesterday.
我前天碰巧在街上遇见了汤姆。
It was Tom that I happened to meet in the street the day before yesterday.
前天我在街上碰巧遇见的是汤姆。
It was I who / that happened to meet Tom in the street the day before yesterday.
是我前天碰巧在街上遇见了汤姆。
It was in the street that I happened to meet Tom the day before yesterday.
我前天是在街上碰巧遇见的汤姆。
It was the day before yesterday that I happened to meet Tom in the street.
我是前天碰巧在街上遇见了汤姆。
I. 如果强调的部分是人，则人称代词须保持原来的形式，这时连接词可用who, whom代替that。如：
It is he who / that teaches us French.
是他教我们法语。
It is us who / whom / that he teaches French.
他是教我们的法语。
II. 如果强调句子中的地点、时间或原因状语时，连接词仍用that，不能用where, when或why。如：
It is at the street crossing that I met one of my classmates that I had not seen for ages.
我是在十字路口碰到了我多年未见的老同学。
It was last month that I took part in the Palace Ball.
我是在上个月参加的宫廷舞会的（不能用when）。
It was for this reason, I suppose, that the book took a long time to come out.
我想正是由于这种原因使得那本书很长时间才出版（不能用why）。
III. 当强调not…until结构时，须将not until连用，后面接肯定式。如：
It was not until at that time that I realized what trouble he was in.
直到那个时候我才意识到他有什么麻烦。
It was not until the bell rang that the teacher stopped his lesson.
直到铃响了老师才下课。
IV. 强调句型的一般疑问句须将be的形式提前，放在句首。如：
Was it she who said it like that?
是她那样说的吗？
Was it the book of this kind that they liked in their childhoods?
他们在孩提时代喜欢的是这种书吗？
Can it be Jack that stole the purse of the woman?
是杰克偷了那妇女的钱包吗？
V. 强调句型还可用特殊疑问句。如：
What was it that started the big fire in the building?
到底是什么原因引起那栋大楼的大火？
When was it that she returned the book to the library?
她是什么时候把书还回图书馆的？
Where was it that he had worked before he came to this place?
他在来这之前到底在哪儿工作呢？
VI. 强调句型与主语从句的区别：强调句型可以还原成正常语序的句子，也就是说，强调句型中去掉It be…that后，句子仍然通顺，意义也依然完整，只是没有那么强调突出。而含主语从句的复合句中的it是指示代词，后面多为系表结构或被动语态。如果去掉It be…that，句子就不通顺了。如：
It was in the lab that was taken charge by Professor Harris that they did the experiment.
他们正是在哈里斯教授负责的实验室里做的实验。（=They did the experiment in the lab that was taken charge by Professor Harris.）
It is certain that he is honest and modest.
很显然，他是诚实而谦虚的。
It is known to all that paper was made first in China.
众所周知，纸是中国人最早制造出来的。
【模拟试题】
定语从句练习（一）
The Attributive Clause
1. We should learn from those___ are always ready to help others.
A. who B. whom C. they D. that
2. Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who___ in China.
A. works B. is working C. are working D. has been working
3. Tom is the only one of the students who___ to Shanghai.
A. have gone B. have been C. has been D. had gone
4. I,___ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
A. who is B. who am C. that is D. which am
5. The old man has two sons,___ are lawyers.
A. both of them B. both of who C. both of whom D. both of they
6. He is a man of great knowledge,___ much can be learned.
A. in whom B. about whom C. from whom D. of whom
7. Do you know the man___ just now?
A. to who I nodded B. I nodded to
C. whom I nodded D. whom I nodded to him
8. The man___ has gone to Japan.
A. whom I told you B. that I told you
C. whom I told you about him D. I told you about
9. Please pass me the dictionary___ cover is black.
A. which B. its C. whose D. which of
10. The radio set___ last week has been out of order.
A. I bought B. I bought it C. which I bought it D. what I bought
11. All the apples___ fell down from the tree were eaten up by the pigs.
A. which B. / C. that D. they
12. I can tell you___ he told me last week.
A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all that
13. This is the biggest lab___ we have ever built in our university.
A. which B. what C. that D. where
14. Is oxygen the only gas___ helps fire burn?
A. that B. / C. which D. what
15. Air,___ we breathe every day, is around us all the time.
A. that B. / C. which D. it
16. This is the museum____ we saw an exhibition the other day.
A. that B. which C. where D. in that
17. This museum is___ you visited the other day.
A. that B. which C. where D. the one
18. This is the museum ___you saw the other day.
A. that B. where C. in which D. in that
19. It is the third time___ late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived
C. that you've arrived D. when you've arrived
20. It was in 1969___the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon.
A. that B. which C. in which D. when
21. We often think of the days___ we spent together on the island.
A. when B. which C. in which D. during which
22. Have you ever been to Shanghai,____ I left ten years ago?
A. where B. which C. that D. when
23. He has left Beijing,___ a meeting is to be held.
A. when B. where C. as D. which
24. This is the very place___ I'm wishing to live in.
A. where B. which C. that D. in which
25. Is it in that factory_____"Red Flag" cars are made?
A. in which B. where C. that D. which
26. I have bought the same dress____ she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. than
27. Can you solve such problems___ raised by the audience?
A. what were B. as were C. that were D. which were
28. The reason___ he didn't come was____ he was injured.
A. that, because B. why, that C. why, because D. that, that
29. He must be from Africa,____ can be seen from his skin.
A. that B. as C. it D. what
30. His father died last year,____ made it impossible for him to go abroad.
A. when B. which C. as D. that
31. ___is natural, he married Mary.
A. It B. What C. Which D. As
32. The buses,____ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.
A. most of them B. most of which C. which most D. that most
33. All___ is needed is a supply of oil.
A. the thing B. that C. what D. which
34. He paid the boy 10 dollars for washing ten windows, most of___ had not been cleaned for years.
A. these B. those C. that D. which
35. She heard a terrible noise,___ brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
36. In the dark street, there wasn't a single person____ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
37. This is one of the means____ the electic energy is conducted from one place to another.
A. by which B. by that C. through which D. through that
38. The place___ you are going to visit is the ruin of a place.
A. in which B. at which C. where D. which
39. The last river___ they crossed is two miles wide.
A. where B. which C. that D. in which
40. The Summer Palace is one of the most beautiful parks____ built in the Qing Dynasty.
A. where were B. where was C. that were D. which was
41. The factory___ I am going to is the place___ my mother used to work many years ago.
A. where, where B. where, which C. which, where D. that, which
42. Don't trust such men____ overpraise you to your face.
A. as B. that C. who D. which
43. The professor has two sons,___ are teaching in the same university.
A. neither of them B. either of them C. both of them D. both of whom
44. Don't do such things___ you are not sure about.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
45. Rober is good at language,____ we all know.
A. because B. for C. as D. since
46. China has hundreds of islands,____ we all know.
A. in which B. at which C. of which D. which
47. She wrote a letter to her father,___ she made her secret known.
A. which B. that C. in which D. where
48. Oxygen is a kind of gas,___ we couldn't live.
A. without it B. without that C. without which D. if not
49. Matter is anything____
A. that take up space and have weight B. which take up space and have weight
C. that takes up space and has weight D. those take up space and have weight
50. I have many books, the best___

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。 18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）

2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语 18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？

2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

18.3 判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.

判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A

例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
18.4 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。

3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。

说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句
18.5 介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
18.6 as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。

3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。

As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动18.7 先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
18.8 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从 句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
18.9 关系代词that 的用法
1）不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。

举例：
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
式。
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由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者在使用时往往容易犯一些错误，最常见的有如下七种：

一、在定语从句中加了多余的定语。如：
1．误：Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come．
正：Some of the boys I invited didn’t come．
译：我邀请的男孩中有几个没有来。
析：应删去them，因为从句的宾语是省略了的whom，who或that。 ?
2．误：The book that you need it is in the library．
正：The book that you need is in the library．
译：你需要的书在图书馆里。
析：应删去it，因为从句的宾语是关系代词that。

二、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。如： ?
1．误：Anyone who break the law will be punished．
正：Anyone who breaks the law will be punished．
译：任何违犯法律的人将被处罚。
析：应改break为breaks，因为who指anyone，是单数。 ?
2．误：Those who has finished may go home．
正：Those who have finished may go home．
译：做完了的人现在可以回家。
析：应改has为have，因为who指those，是复数。 ?
3．误：He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school．
正：He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school．
译：他是我们学校中唯一懂法语的人。
析：应改know为knows，因为one前有the only之类限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰 的是the only one，是单数，而不是复数名词the teachers。 ?
4．误：This is one of the rooms that is free now．
正：This is one of the rooms that are free now．
译：这是目前空着的房间之一。
析：应改is为are，因为one前没有the only之类的限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是名词复数the rooms，而不是单数one。

三、误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词。如：
1．误：Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth．
正：Children who that eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth．
译：吃糖多的孩子往往牙齿不好。
析：应加上关系代词who或that，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。 ?
2．误：The key opens the bike is missing．
正：The key that／which opens the bike is missing．
译：开这辆自行车的钥匙不见了。
析：应加上关系代词that或which，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。

四、定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词。如：
1．误：The house where he lives in needs repairing．
正：The house where he lives needs repairing．
或：The house he lives in needs repairing．
译：他住的房子需要修理。
析：应保留where，删去从句中的in，因为关系副词where在从句中作地点状语，in属多余。或删去关系副词where，因为where在这里的意思是in which，否则介词in就重复了。
2．误：I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing．
正：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing．
或：I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing．
译：我仍记得我第一次来到北京那天的情景。
析：应删去on，因为when在这里的意思是on which，否则介词on就重复了，或把when改为which。 ?

五、在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用了关系代词或关系副词。
1．误：I still remember the day when we spent together．
正：I still remember the day that／which we spent together．
译：我仍记得我们在一起度过的日子。
析：应改when为that或which，因为从句中谓语动词spent是及物动词，其后应跟宾语而不是时间状语。 ?
2．误：This is the house where we lived in last year．
正：This is the house which／that we lived in last year．
译：这是我们去年住过的那个房子。
析：应改where为which或that，因为从句谓语动词lived后有介词in，其后少介词宾语，而不是地点状语。

六、在先行词reason后错用关系副词why。如：
1．误：Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence？
正：Have you asked her for the reason that／which may explain her absence？
译：你是否向他问过可以解释他缺席的原因？
析：应改why为that或which，因为定语从句缺少主语，而不是少原因状语。 2．误：I don’t believe the reason why he has given for his being late．
正：I don’t believe the reason that／which he has given for his being late．
译：我不相信他所提供的他迟到的原因。
析：应改why为that或which，因为从句谓语动词has given后缺少宾语，而不是缺少原因状语 。

七、误将强调句型当定语从句。如：
1．误：It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out．
正：It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out．
译：大火发生在厨房。
析：应将where改that，因为原句还原为The fire broke out in the kitchen后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型，而非定语从句。 ?
2．误：Was it because it snowed last night when you didn’t come？
正：Was it because it snowed last night that you didn’t come？
译：你是否因昨晚下雪而没有来？
析：应将when改为that，因为，原句还原为Because it snowed last night，you didn"t come后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型而非定语从句

PS：说实话，学起来根本没有上面说的这么复杂，语言的精华在于说，而不是写，假如你知道了如何去表达，那写不就迎刃而解了吗？ 好好听讲比自己下来看要重要，从句在高考一般就2-3题，有的省市就没有，所以它不是高考最重点的地方