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Each word region and each country, of course, has its own patterns of national and urban immigration and immigrant residential patterns. Even when those population movements involve distinctive and contrasting ethnic groups, American models of spatial differentiation may not be applicable. Foreign migrants to West European cities, for example, do not have the same expectations of permanent residence and eventual amalgamation into the host society as their American counterparts. Many have come under labor contracts with no legal assurance of permanent residence, and most-at least initially and except for political refugees-assume an eventual return “home”. Their residential choices are consequently influenced by disinterest in integration or amalgamation, a high degree of migrant self-identity, and the locational pull of chain migration. Culture and religion are important in that regard as even small ethnically homogeneous groups, confined perhaps to part of a city block or to a single apartment building, help to maintain the life-style and support systems of home territories. The Islamic populations from North Africa and Turkey tend to be more tightly grouped and defensive against the surrounding majority culture of western European cities than do African or south and east European Christian migrants.