雪花秀假货:请帮忙提供关于华兹华斯和爱默生的作品的自然性的资料。中英文皆可，具体些的。谢谢

About Wordsworth:

William Wordsworth is the Romantic poet most often described as a "nature" writer; what the word "nature" meant to Wordsworth is, however, a complex issue. On the one hand, Wordsworth was the quintessential poet as naturalist, always paying close attention to details of the physical environment around him (plants, animals, geography, weather). At the same time, Wordsworth was a self-consciously literary artist who described "the mind of man" as the "main haunt and region of [his] song." This tension between objective describer of the natural scene and subjective shaper of sensory experience is partly the result of Wordsworth's view of the mind as "creator and receiver both." Wordsworth consistently describes his own mind as the recipient of external sensations which are then rendered into its own mental creations. (Shelley made a related claim in "Mont Blanc" when he said that his mind "passively / Now renders and receives, fast influencings, / Holding an unremitting interchange / With the clear universe of things around".) Such an alliance of the inner life with the outer world is at the heart of Wordsworth's descriptions of nature. Wordsworth's ideas about memory, the importance of childhood experiences, and the power of the mind to bestow an "auxiliar" light on the objects it beholds all depend on this ability to record experiences carefully at the moment of observation but then to shape those same experiences in the mind over time. We should also recall, however, that he made widespread use of other texts in the production of his Wordsworthian (Keats said "egotistical") sublime: drafts of poems by Coleridge, his sister Dorothy's Journals, the works of Milton, Shakespeare, Thomson, and countless others. Wordsworthian "nature" emerges as much a product of his widespead reading as of his wanderings amid the affecting landscapes of the Lake District.
His poems often present an instant when nature speaks to him and he responds by speaking for nature. The language of nature in such instances is, like the language Wordsworth uses to record such events, often cryptic and enigmatic. The owls in the often-quoted "Boy of Winander" passage of The Prelude hoot to a Wordsworthian child who answers first in their owl-language and then with a poem that records only the mirroring image of an "uncertain heaven," the dark sky reflected in a still silent lake. Wordsworth longs for a version of nature that will redeem him from the vagaries of passing moments, but he usually records those natural phenomena that promise only the passing of time and the cyclical transience of natural process. "Nutting" holds us up painfully against the ravaging of a pristine and naturally spiritualized bower. The Lucy poems tells us that Lucy is back into nature at her death, but that consolation seems small recompense for the humanized "nature" of the loss. The Prelude wants to keep us in touch with a childhood and subsequent adult identity realized within the natural world; at the same time, however, this autobiographical epic leaves adult readers feeling a long way from the "spots of time" of childhood. Nothing in Wordsworth is simple or singular; like Milton, he is a poet who almost resists the possibility of final or definitive interpretation. His view of nonhuman nature is likewise open-ended. Wordsworth's "nature" points us away from the closed world of theocentric symbol-making toward the unstable world of postmodern meaning. (Ashton Nichols)

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Wordsworth's View on Nature

Wordsworth uses nature as a metaphor for the personal development of a man. He gives nature personal attributes to show the impact and strength that nature brings to a man's life. He explains how "lofty hills…impress thoughts of more deep seclusion" (552, 5-6) and how they "connect the landscape with the quiet of the sky" (552, 6-7). He gives these cliffs a peaceful heart while others, blind of the beauty of nature, see the face of a beast. He's sharing his true belief that nature brings about real emotions from a man and can do things that people can do as well.

Wordsworth also expresses his dire need to see the beauty of nature again. After all the "lonely rooms…of towns and cities" (552, 25-26) he has yearned for the "sense sublime of something far more deeply interfused" (554, 95-96). He wants to lay upon the shore of the stream and be in peace with himself through the perfection of nature. Nature to Wordsworth has become a place to hide when the "fever of the world" (553, 53) has overcome his heart. He comments, "How often has my spirit turned to thee!" (553, 57).

When Wordsworth was having a bad day or when he just couldn't take the demands of everyday life, he had the memory of Wye still stuck in his head to relief him of his stresses. Through this constant yearning of Wye, Wordsworth expresses the beauty and peace found within nature that no object from the outer world could compare. And if people knew about this simple harmony found through nature, they wouldn't be satisfied with the repetition of their own lives.

Wordsworth shows the importance of nature to him through the story of when he was young, when he "first came among these hills" (553, 66-67). In a way, Wordsworth is telling this story to express the growth of his soul through the beauty of nature. He views his younger self as a man "flying from something that he dreads" (553, 71) that "had no need…nor any interest" (553, 81-82) in nature itself. Wordsworth paints an image of a stupid little boy with worldly interests who overlooks the true integrity that nature possesses. But, through nature, Wordsworth has developed into a better man with far greater knowledge. Because of the ocean, the air, the sun, and the sky, Wordsworth has become a better man with a better understanding of "all that we behold from this green earth" (554, 104-105). To Wordsworth, nature has become "the anchor of [his] purest thoughts" and a "guardian of [his]heart and soul" (554, 109-110). In a way, Wordsworth has fallen in love with nature. He has found something that takes over every emotion in his body, a place that he feels comfortable, and a memory that takes away all of his bad feelings. To sum it all up, Wordsworth views nature as a friend that brings joy and peace into his life and a weapon that will protect him from the dreary intercourse of daily life.

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Ralph Waldo Emerson: Philosophy and Perspective

Transcendentalism is a philosophy that says that a higher kind of knowledge is achievable by human reason. This idea was first developed by the Greek Philosopher Plato, who believed that through reason absolute goodness is achievable. Ralph Waldo Emerson further developed this idea in America in the early 1800's. The common thinking of the day was the "fire and brimstone" preaching of Calvinism, which stated that a select few of the "inherently evil man" will awake to God and be saved. Religion offers answers to difficult questions, but those answers are sometimes hard to understand. Emerson began his career as a preacher, but ended up offering America an alternate choice to Calvinism, Transcendentalism. Emerson, in his essay "Nature," points to nature as a catalyst to understand the unknowns of life. As Emerson said, "Nature in its ministry to man, is not only the material, but also the process and the result." No longer is knowledge something blessed upon the few but knowledge is out there waiting to be understood. No light will shine upon man from heaven making him good, but man is born good with the resources in Gods real gift, nature, to help him see certain truths. There are answers in the sunset, rivers, fields, and everything else on earth.

One must use his innate principals to find these answers. Five years after Emerson wrote "Nature," he wrote "Self-Reliance" where intuition is seen as the key to unlock higher knowledge. The answers are in nature, and we must trust our interpretations, views, and thoughts to fully understand them. No one else can understand for us. Emerson begins "Self-Reliance" with this statement: "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance: that imitation is suicide: that he must take himself for better, for worse, as his portion: that the wide universe is full of good..." This essay stresses the idea that it is best to be an individual who sees things with his own eyes. Being like people who were great is not the way to make yourself great. Instead, like the famous people in history, being yourself is the best way to be.

Ralph Waldo Emerson saw the connection between nature and the individual human soul. Nature is something to be viewed in a religious light. It enters one's mind and enlightens it and is always there for the next philosopher who seeks knowledge. Trust your own thought and convictions because being different is good, being different is what makes it possible to be great.

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One more about Emerson:

Born in 1803, Emerson began his working life as a Unitarian preacher. Early widowhood plunged him into an exploration of alternative spiritual faiths, and he resigned his ministry in 1832. After visiting the Romantic writers in England, he returned to a career of public lecturing, essay-writing and poetry. His essays are among the most brilliantly lucid, flowing and alive in the English language.

Emerson had an ambivalent viewpoint towards nature. He had a powerful and passionate delight in real concrete natural things: woods and sunsets and warm days and melons. Emotionally and practically, his position appears to be one of pantheistic nature-worship.

But he was also a Platonist: he believed that the outward world was only appearance or dream, and had no real substance. It was the manifestation of the spiritual world, the solidified thoughts of God.

Emerson's `proofs' of this were, frankly, risible. Look at the world through your legs, he said, and it seems upside down; ride in a coach, and passers-by look like a fleeting puppet show. It follows - according to Emerson - that the world is an unstable spectacle, while the mind alone is stable. It did not occur to him that things were the other way round: perception and the human mind were more unstable than the real world.

The texts below are from Nature (1836).