日本动漫真人版替身:虚心求教，高手们帮忙翻译一下吧

Supply Chain Risk
Human Characteristics
Much of the early work in the field of risk focused on the dimension of individual
risk taking behaviors (e.g.Kogan and Wallach,1964;and Slovic,1972),though
this was often isolated from behavior in organizational contexts.Researchers have
increasingly devoted attention to risk behavior within the context of organizational
decisions.this research into risk and decision taking behavior of individuals and
groups,includes:

1. Risk perceptiveness and preparedness (Appelbaum et al,1998,p.120),for
example,identify four dimensions that relate to individual risk perception and
preparedness which they expressas fear of failure;fear of success;fear of
what others will thind;and the fear of uncertainty.They concluded that
most people in organizations focused more on what they might lose instead of
what thy might gain.
2. Gender and age influences (e.g.MacCrimmon and Wehrung,1990;Forlani
and Mullins,2000) identified differences in both risk perceptions and the
preparedness to take risks on the basis of gender differences and the maturity
of the decision maker,although it should be noted that research results to date
have not produced unanimity on this.
3. Group influences March (1994,p.45) suggested that the organization as a
whole may provide the context 'in which riskiness is estimated and risk-talking
propensities are enacted into the taking of risk.'Hence groups within
the organization may reflect this in terms of their decisions,although there
may be some differences in terms of the particular decision taken (e.g.R&D
investments).

These examples illustrate the potential importance of this dimension of the
Contingency Model although this will not be explored gurther in the present
discussion.

Metrics
Accepting that risk management in the context of the supply chain concerns a
balance between eliminating, reducing or resolving the inherent risks in a situation
against the performance parameters then we could illustrate this tension as in
Diagram 3.4.The sugeston is that without effective risk management in the
supply chain the tendency will be for the supply chain to deteriorate with
increasing risk and a simultaneous decline in performance.The earlier formulation
suggested that measuring performance could be based on profit performance and
the resulting risk inherent in the organization as: