急诊管理基本任务:hardly一词的用法都有什么？

hardly
　　hard.ly
　　adv.（副词）
　　Barely; just.
　　仅仅：几乎没有；刚刚
　　To almost no degree; almost not:
　　几乎不：任何程度上几乎不；几乎没有：
　　I could hardly hear the speaker.
　　我几乎听不到演说者的声音
　　Probably or almost surely not:
　　可能或几乎肯定不：
　　“Easily was a man made an infidel, but hardly might he be converted to another faith”(T.E. Lawrence)
　　“一个人可以轻易地变为不信宗教的人，但几乎不可能转而相信另外一种信仰”(T.E.劳伦斯)
　　With severity; harshly.
　　严厉地；粗鲁地
　　With great difficulty; painfully.
　　非常困难地；痛苦地

　　中古英语 hardli
　　源自 古英语 heardlºe [粗鲁地，勇敢地]
　　源自 heard [坚硬的]
　　Hardly 和一个否定词在一起的用法在标准英语中应尽量避免， 一些批评学家一直怀疑象hardly，rarely 和 scarcely 这样的副词在传统的双重否定的句中应被视为否定词， 这样的词使句子象I couldn't hardly see him 和 I didn't get none 一样被弄糟了， 他们争论说，毕竟句子Mary hardly laughed 的意思是玛丽的确笑了， 而不是她没笑，所以不表示否定的建议。但是hardly 和 scarcely 和其他的否定表示一起在许多方面出现， 举例说，他们和象any 和 at all 这样独特的和否定上下文联系的条目组合在一起， 我们说I hardly saw him at all 或 I never saw him at all , 但并不是I occasionally saw him at all； 我们说I hardly had any time 或 I didn't have any time 但不是I had any time 等。 象其它否定副词，hardly 在句子开头时引起主语和助动词的倒装， 于是我们说Hardly had I arrived when she left， 和 Never have I read such a book 或 At no time has he condemned the movement. 等同样的句型。 别的副词并不用这样的倒装：我们不能说Occasionally has he addressed this question 或 To a slight degree have they changed their position 。 事实是象hardly 这样的副词语义上是否定的， 他们限定修饰了与不发生有关的状态或事件。于是hardly 的意思大概是“几乎根本不”； rarely 的意思大概是“实际上没有”；等等。 这些副词在他们的意思里留有否定的成分，语法学家们对hardly 和否定词组合的反应和对一对否定词如 not 和 none组合的反应一样是不足为奇的 参见 double negative， rarely， scarcely

Hardly 副词形式，有几乎不的意思。

要注意hardly的用法是，

不能再接否定的助动词或是任何否定的字。

He has hardly eaten anything since that morning.

从那天清晨之后，他几乎没再吃过任何东西。

I can hardly walk any further. 我再也走不动了。

I had hardly left home when it began to rain. Hardly had I left home when it began to rain.

[注意这里：Hardly 放句首时，句子要倒装。] 几乎我一离家，就开始下雨了。

用法 : 1. hardly 是"几乎不", hard 也可是副词,努力地,猛烈的 2. hardly 是位于句首时,句子要用倒装.如:
Hardly did I believe what you said. 我几乎不相信你说的话.
Hardly did I arrive at the railway station when the train started.
我一到火车站,火车就开走了.
3. 句子中有 hardly 时,其反意疑问句的疑问部分应该
用肯定形式. 如:
He can hardly understang it ,can he ?
他几乎听不懂,不是吗?

①象其它副词一样，
hardly
在句中的位置一般是：
1）在行为动词之前；
2）系动词之后；
3）情态动词或助动词与主要谓语动词之间。
We hardly had time to eat breakfast.
He was hardly visible in the shadow.
We have hardly eaten anything.
My legs were so weak that I could hardly stand.

②hardly
置于句首时，句子要倒装；在hardly…when…（scarcely … when…，rarely…when …）结构中，hardly置于句首时，倒装在主句。
Hardly have I heard from him recently.
Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.
（注意主从句中的时态强调先后之别）

③hardly any 置于句首修饰或者构成句子的主语时，句子不倒装。
Hardly anybody believes her.
Hardly any fried food agrees with me.
Hardly any of the students did well in the test.

④由于hardly是一个否定词，因此它修饰名词时，名词前经常加有any；修饰动词时，动词前经常加有ever。
There is hardly any coal left.
It hardly ever snowed in Washington in the winter.