别克gl8收音机怎么开:我要找关于世界著名河流和城市的英文简介！！

你要几万字的文章不难,呵呵,10句话,很难啊.要先阅读然后再总结.还要比较级句型.....难,

这有一段关于尼罗河的介绍

The Nile (Arabic: النيل an-nīl), in Africa, is one of the two longest rivers on Earth.

Terminology of the Nile
The word "Nile" ('nIl) comes from the word Neilos (Νειλος), a Greek name meaning river valley. Another Greek name for the Nile was Aigyptos (Αιγυπτος), which itself is the source of the name "Egypt."

There are two great branches of the Nile: the White Nile, from equatorial East Africa, and the Blue Nile, from Ethiopia. Both branches formed on the western flanks of the East African Rift, which is the southern African part of the Great Rift Valley.

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White Nile
Lake Victoria, which lies between Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania, is considered to be the source of the Nile, although the lake itself has feeder rivers of considerable size from the other Great Lakes of Africa. In particular, the farthest headstream of the Nile is the Ruvyironza River in Burundi, which is an upper branch of the Kagera River. The Kagera flows for 690 km (429 miles) before reaching Lake Victoria. Recently an expedition team (The Ascend the Nile team), claims to be the first to have travelled the river's length to its "source" in Rwanda's Nyungwe Forest. The team travelled the vast distance in three 4m (13ft) boats, overcoming obstacles such as "massive rapids, crocodile charges, serious tropical diseases and horrendous logistics".

Mr McGrigor and his New Zealand team mates, Cam McLeay and Garth MacIntyre, claim to have found the true length of the Nile - at least 107 km longer than previously thought.

Leaving Lake Victoria, the river is known as the Victoria Nile. It flows further for approximately 500 km (300 miles), through Lake Kyoga, until it reaches Lake Albert. After leaving Lake Albert, the river is known as the Albert Nile. It then flows into Sudan, where it becomes known as the Bahr al Jebel. At the confluence of the Bahr al Jebel with the Bahr el Ghazal, itself 720 km (445 miles) long, the river becomes known as the Bahr al Abyad, or the White Nile, from the clay suspended in its waters. From there, the river flows to Khartoum.

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Blue Nile
Meanwhile, the Blue Nile (or Bahr al Azraq to Sudanese; Abbay to Ethiopians) springs from Lake Tana in the Ethiopian Highlands. The Blue Nile flows about 1,400 km (850 miles) to Khartoum, where the Blue Nile and White Nile join to form "the Nile." Most of the water carried by the Nile (about 80-85%) originates from Ethiopia, but this runoff happens only in summer, when the great rains fall on the Ethiopian Plateau; the rest of the year, the great rivers draining Ethiopia to the Nile (Sobat, Blue Nile, and Atbara) flow weakly or are dry.

Composite satellite image of the Nile (see also the Nile delta)[edit]
The Nile River
After the Blue and White Niles merge, the only remaining major tributary is the Atbara River, which originates in Ethiopia north of Lake Tana, and is approximately 800 km (500 miles) long. It joins the Nile approximately 300 km (200 miles) past Khartoum. The Nile is also unusual in that its last tributary (the Atbara) joins it approximately halfway to the sea. From that point north, the Nile diminishes because of evaporation.

The Nile in Sudan is distinctive for two reasons: 1) it flows over 6 groups of cataracts, from the first at Aswan to the sixth at Sabaloka (just north of Khartoum); and 2) it reverses course for much of its course, flowing back to the SW before returning to flow north again to the sea. This is the "Great Bend of the Nile."

The Nile then reaches the man-made Lake Nasser, impounded behind the Aswan High Dam 270 km (170 miles) into Egypt from the Sudanese border. Since 1998, some of Lake Nasser's waters have spilt westward to form the Toshka Lakes. From Lake Nasser, the main channel flows north through Egypt and into the Mediterranean Sea; a side channel, the Bahr Yussef, splits from the main channel downriver from the city of Asyut, and empties into the Fayum. Where the Nile meets the Mediterranean, the Nile Delta, is the eponym of all river deltas worldwide. Enrichment from Nile sediments carried eastward by currents nurture the fishing industries of the Eastern Mediterranean, or used to before the Aswan High Dam was built.

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History of the Nile
The Nile (iteru in Ancient Egyptian) was the lifeline of the ancient Egyptian civilization, with most of the population and all of the cities of Egypt resting along those parts of the Nile valley lying north of Aswan. The Nile has been the lifeline for Egyptian culture since the Stone Age. Climate change - or perhaps overgrazing - about 8000 BC desiccated the pastoral lands of Egypt to form the Sahara, and the tribes naturally migrated to the river, where they developed a settled agricultural economy and a more-centralized society.The Nile and its Profound Influence in the Founding of Egyptian Civilization The Nile is a river stretching from the heights of Ethiopia and crawls up the African desert and eventually spilled into the Mediterranean. This same river was the cornerstone of the formidable Egyptian civilization whose legacy lies upon us till this day. This Nile provided sustenance, stability, spiritual dimension and greatly influenced the diverse culture that mesmerises historians even today.

Sustenance played a crucial role in the founding of the Egyptian civilization. The Nile was apparently the unending source of such sustenance and without it Egypt’s golden age would have been quite short lived. First and foremost, the Nile made the land surrounding it extremely fertile when it flooded or inundated annually. The Egyptians were able to cultivate wheat and crops around the Nile providing food for the general population. Also the Nile’s pure water attracted game such as the water buffalo and the occasional camel. These animals could be killed for meat or could be captured, tamed and used for ploughing or in the camels case traveling. The water could also be drunk by civilians and livestock. The Nile was also a convenient and efficient way of communication and transport of goods that would later be used for the welfare of the civilization.

Egypt’s stability was undeniably one of the best structured in history. In fact it could easily have surpassed many modern societies. This stability was an immediate result of the Nile’s fertility. The Nile served as a natural border against other power hungry civilizations. While other countries fell before the Babylonian and Hittite armies, Egypt remained sturdy and invulnerable. Another relevant point is that the Nile provided flax for trade. The flax included largely of wheat, which was crucial in the Middle East where famine was very common. This trading system secured the diplomatic relationship Egypt had with other countries and therefore Egypt became economically stable. Also the Nile provided the resources, such as food or money, to quickly and efficiently raise an army, whether the army was to take on the defensive or the offensive if necessary. This is another reason why the Egyptian civilization was unable to be conquered for during the three millennia of its existence. The Nile played a major role in politics and social life. The Egyptian peoples very rarely revolted against the Pharaoh and as a result it was very prosperous. The Egyptian system of government was not of hierarchical form, with the Pharaoh at the top of the feudal pyramid as we generally perceive it as. On the contrary it would work much like the following. The Pharaoh would supposedly flood the Nile and in return for the life giving water and crops the peasants would cultivate the fertile soil and send a portion of the resources they had reaped to the Pharaoh. He/ she would in turn use it for the wellbeing of Egyptian society. In this manner, a mutual reliance between the Pharaoh and his peasants evolved. They understood that without the other they could not survive. They understood that any revolution, however demanding the work may be, would put their stability at risk. The Nile was a source of spiritual dimension. The Nile was so significant to the lifestyle of the Egyptians that they created a god dedicated to the welfare of the Nile’s annual inundation. The god’s name was Hapi and he and the Pharaoh controlled the flooding of the Nile River. Also the Nile was considered as a causeway from life to death/afterlife. This is a very popular theory based on the fact that all the Egyptian burial structures are located west of the Nile. As the god Ra, the sun, undergoes birth death and resurrection each time he crosses the sky the east was though of as a place of birth and growth and the west was considered the place of death. All the tombs were located west of the Nile because the Egyptians believed that in order to enter the afterlife they must be buried on the side which symbolized death.

Herodotus, an acclaimed Greek historian wrote that ‘Egypt was the gift of the Nile’ and in a sense that is correct. Without the Nile River, the Egypt civilization would be short lived. The Nile provided the ingredients that make a powerful country and it is barely surprising to see that it lasted three thousand years. The Nile gave Egypt sustenance, stability and spiritual dimension.

The Ishango bone, the earliest known indication of Ancient Egyptian multiplication, was discovered along the headwaters of the Nile River (near Lake Edward, northeastern Congo), dating to 20,000 BC.

Despite the attempts of the Greeks and Romans (who were unable to penetrate the Sudd), the source of the Nile was unknown until the 19th century, when John Hanning Speke was the first to identify it as Lake Victoria. Various earlier expeditions since ancient times had failed to determine the river's source, thus yielding classical Hellenistic and Roman representations of the river as a male god with his face and head obscured in drapery.

Speke was part of a 1856-1858 expedition led by Richard Francis Burton to search for the source of the Nile by entering Africa from Dar-Es-Salaam (modern Tanzania). Burton was convinced that Lake Tanganyika was the source, but it was Speke who, leaving a sick Burton behind, found the large body of water now known as Lake Victoria and convinced himself that this was the Nile's true source. Speke returned with James Augustus Grant in 1860-1863 for further explorations around Lake Victoria and traced the Nile northwards to Gondokoro, on the southern boundary of the Sudd.

The White Nile Expedition, led by South African national Hendri Coetzee, was to become the first to navigate the Nile in its entire length. The expedition took off from The Source of the Nile in Uganda on January 17, 2004 and arrived safely at the Mediterranean in Rosetta, Egypt, 4 months and 2 weeks later. National Geographic is releasing a feature film about the expedition towards the end of 2005, to be entitled The Longest River.

On April 28, 2004, geologist Pasquale Scaturro and his partner, kayaker and documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown became the first people to navigate the Blue Nile, from Lake Tana in Ethiopia to the beaches of Alexandria on the Mediterranean. Though their expedition included a number of others, Brown and Scaturro were the only ones to remain on the expedition for the entire journey. They chronicled their adventure with an IMAX camera and two handheld video cams, sharing their story in the IMAX film "Mystery of the Nile," and in a book of the same title. Despite this attempt, the team was forced to use outboard motors for most of their journey, and it was not until January 29, 2005, when Canadian Les Jickling and New Zealander Mark Tanner reached the Mediterranean Sea, that the river had been paddled for the first time under human power.

On the 30th of April 2005, a team led by South Africans Peter Meredith and Hendri Coetzee became the first to navigate the most remote headstream, the true source of the of the Nile, the Akagera river which starts in Nyungwe forest in Rwanda. The Akagera is 38 miles longer than the kyaka in Burundi.

On March 31, 2006, three explorers from Britain and New Zealand claimed to have been the first to travel the river from its mouth to a new "true source" deep in Rwanda's Nyungwe rainforest.[1]

The Nile still supports much of the population of Africans living along its banks, as well as Egyptians, the latter living between otherwise inhospitable regions of the Sahara Desert. The river flooded every summer, depositing fertile soil on the fields. The flow of the river is disturbed at several points by cataracts, which are sections of faster-flowing water with many small islands, shallow water, and rocks, forming an obstacle to navigation by boats. The sudd in the Sudan also forms a formidable obstacle for navigation and flow of water, to the extent that Egypt had once attempted to dig a canal (the Jongeli Canal) to improve the flow of this stagnant mass of water (also known as Lake No).

View of the Nile from a cruiseboat, between Luxor and Aswan in EgyptThe Nile was, and still is, used to transport goods to different places along its long path; especially since winter winds in this area blow up river, the ships could travel up with no work by using the sail, and down using the flow of the river. While most Egyptians still live in the Nile valley, the construction of the Aswan High Dam (finished in 1970) to provide hydroelectricity ended the summer floods and their renewal of the fertile soil.

Cities on the Nile include Khartoum, Aswan, Luxor (Thebes), and the Giza–Cairo conurbation. The first cataract, the closest to the mouth of the river, is at Aswan to the north of the Aswan Dams. The Nile north of Aswan is a regular tourist route, with cruise ships and traditional wooden sailing boats known as feluccas. In addition, many "floating hotel" cruise boats ply the route between Luxor and Aswan, stopping in at Edfu and Kom Ombo along the way. It used to be possible to sail on these boats all the way from Cairo to Aswan, but security concerns have shuts down the northernmost portion for many years.

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Flooding of the Nile
The annual cycles of the Nile were very important to the lives of ancient Egyptians. The Nile 'mysteriously' but predictably rose each summer to flood and fertilize the land, without rain and in the hottest time of the year. A good flood and Egypt's wealth was assured; a poor flood or too great of a flood and Egypt would suffer.

The cyclic mystery created awe and stimulated worship, and the job of recording the history of Nile flooding, when the Nile was expected to flood, and the locations of farmers' plots after the floodwaters receded stimulated creation of the first scientific instrument (the Nilometer), astronomy, and surveying. The concerns of ancient Egyptians for a good flood were justified. The failure of the Nile floods and the generally low level of the river is thought to have been responsible for the collapse of the Old Kingdom about 4200 years ago. These concerns are captured in the Bible, where Joseph correctly interpreted Pharaoh's dreams of 7 years of abundance and 7 years of poverty in Egypt to relate to good and then bad Nile floods.

Ledyard, in his Travels, speaks contemptuously of this celebrated wonder:—"This is the mighty, the sovereign of rivers—the vast Nile that has been metamorphosed into one of the wonders of the world! Let me be careful how I read, and, above all, how I read ancient history. You have heard, and read too, much of its inundations. If the thousands of large and small canals from it, and the thousands of men and machines employed to transfer, by artificial means, the water of the Nile to the meadows on its banks—if this be the inundation that is meant, it is true; any other is false; it is not an inundating river."

More recently, drought during the 1980s led to widespread starvation in Ethiopia and Sudan but Egypt was protected from drought by water impounded in Lake Nasser.

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The Eonile
The present Nile is at least the fifth river that has flowed north from the Ethiopian Highands. Satellite imagery was used to identify dry watercourses in the desert to the west of the Nile. An Eonile canyon, now filled by surface drift, represents an ancestral Nile called the Eonile that flowed during the later Miocene. The Eonile transported clastic sediments to the Mediterranean, where several gas fields have been discovered within these sediments. South of Cairo, the sand-filled canyon can reach a depth of up to 1400 meters.

During the late-Miocene Messinian Salinity Crisis, when the Mediterranean Sea was a closed basin and sealevel in the sea dropped approximately 1500 m, the Nile cut its course down to the new base level until it was several hundred feet below world ocean level at Aswan. This huge canyon is now full of later sediment.

Formerly, Lake Tanganyika drained northwards into the Nile, until the Virunga Volcanoes blocked its course in Rwanda. That would have made the Nile much longer, with its longest headwaters in northern Zambia.