大风吹的游戏规则:写一个便秘文章(英)

http://www.medicinenet.com/constipation/article.htm#toca
你知道步骤,应该很好写这篇文章的呀.介绍这个网站,上面也是按照你的步骤一一介绍,说明.你自己筛选吧.如果网站打不开,请给我发邮件,我会把资料传给你.
DIY!

这里有一些专业文章，很详细，你参考一下吧

http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/constipation/

http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/constipation_ez/

What is constipation?

Constipation means different things to different people. For many people, it simply means infrequent stools. For others, however, constipation means hard stools, difficulty passing stools (straining), or a sense of incomplete emptying after a bowel movement. The cause of each of these "types" of constipation probably is different, and the approach to each should be tailored to the specific type of constipation. Constipation can also alternate with diarrhea. This pattern is more commonly considered as part of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). At the extreme end of the constipation spectrum is fecal impaction, a condition in which stool hardens in the rectum and prevents the passage of any stool.

The number of bowel movements generally decreases with age. Ninety-five percent of adults have bowel movements between three and 21 times per week, and this would be considered normal. The most common pattern is one bowel movement a day, but this pattern is seen in less than 50% of people. Moreover, most people are irregular and do not have bowel movements every day or the same number of bowel movements each day.

Medically speaking, constipation usually is defined as fewer than three bowel movements per week. Severe constipation is defined as less than one bowel movement per week. There is no medical reason to have a bowel movement every day. Going without a bowel movement for two or three days does not cause physical discomfort, only mental distress for some people. Contrary to popular belief, there is no evidence that "toxins" accumulate when bowel movements are infrequent or that constipation leads to cancer.

It is important to distinguish acute (recent onset) constipation from chronic (long duration) constipation. Acute constipation requires urgent assessment because a serious medical illness may be the underlying cause (e.g., tumors of the colon). Constipation also requires an immediate assessment if it is accompanied by worrisome symptoms such as rectal bleeding, abdominal pain and cramps, nausea and vomiting, and involuntary weight loss. In contrast, the evaluation of chronic constipation may not require immediate attention, particularly if simple measures bring relief.

What causes constipation?

Theoretically, constipation can be caused by the slow passage of digesting food through any part of the intestine. More than 95% of the time, however, the slowing occurs in the colon.

Medications: A frequently over-looked cause of constipation is medications. The most common offending medications include:

Narcotic pain medications such as codeine (e.g., Tylenol #3), oxycodone (e.g., Percocet), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid);
Antidepressants such as amitriptylene (Elavil) and imipramine (Tofranil)
Anticonvulsants such as phenytoin (Dilantin) and carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Iron supplements
Calcium channel blocking drugs such as diltiazem (Cardizem) and nifedipine (Procardia)
Aluminum-containing antacids such as Amphojel and Basaljel
In addition to the medications listed above, there are many others that can cause constipation. Simple measures (e.g., increasing dietary fiber) for treating the constipation caused by medications often are effective, and discontinuing the medication is not necessary. If simple measures don't work, it may be possible to substitute a less constipating medication. For example, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (e.g., ibuprofen) may be substituted for narcotic pain medications. Additionally, one of the newer and less constipating anti-depressant medications (e.g., fluoxetine or Prozac) may be substituted for amitriptylene and imipramine.

Habit: Bowel movements are under voluntary control. This means that the normal urge people feel when they need to have a bowel movement can be suppressed. Although occasionally it is appropriate to suppress an urge to defecate (e.g., when a bathroom is not available), doing this too frequently can lead to a disappearance of urges and result in constipation.

Diet: Fiber is important in maintaining a soft, bulky stool. Diets that are low in fiber can, therefore, cause constipation. The best natural sources of fiber are fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

How is constipation evaluated?

A careful history and physical examination is important in all patients with constipation. There are many tests that can be used to evaluate constipation. Most patients need only a few basic tests. The other tests are reserved for individuals who have severe constipation or whose constipation does not respond easily to treatment.

What treatments are available for constipation?

There are many treatments for constipation, and the best approach relies on a clear understanding of the underlying cause.

Dietary fiber (bulk-forming laxatives): The best way of adding fiber to the diet is increasing the quantity of fruits and vegetables that are eaten. This means a minimum of five servings of fruits or vegetables every day. For many people, however, the amount of fruits and vegetables that are necessary may be inconveniently large or may not provide adequate relief from constipation. In this case, fiber supplements can be useful.

Fiber is defined as material made by plants that is not digested by the human gastrointestinal tract. Fiber is one of the mainstays in the treatment of constipation. Many types of fiber within the intestine bind to water and keep the water within the intestine. The fiber adds bulk (volume) to the stool and the water softens the stool.

There are different sources of fiber and the type of fiber varies from source to source. Types of fiber can be categorized in several ways, for example, by their source. The most common sources of fiber include fruits and vegetables, wheat or oat bran, psyllium seed (e.g., Metamucil, Konsyl), synthetic methyl cellulose (e.g., Citrucel), and polycarbophil (e.g., Equilactin, Konsyl Fiber). Polycarbophil often is combined with calcium (e.g., Fibercon). However, in some studies, the calcium-containing polycarbophil was not as effective as the polycarbophil without calcium. A lesser known source of fiber is an extract of malt (e.g., Maltsupex); however, this extract may soften stools in ways other than increasing fiber.

Increased gas (flatulence) is a common side effect of high-fiber diets. The gas occurs because the bacteria normally present within the colon are capable of digesting fiber to a small extent. The bacteria produce gas as a byproduct of their digestion of fiber. All fibers, no matter what their source, can cause flatulence. However, since bacteria vary in their ability to digest the various types of fiber, the different sources of fiber may produce different amounts of gas. To complicate the situation, the ability of bacteria to digest one type of fiber can vary from individual to individual. This variability makes the selection of the best type of fiber for each person (i.e., a fiber that improves the quality of the stool without causing flatulence) more difficult. Thus, finding the proper fiber for an individual becomes a matter of trial and error.

The different sources of fiber should be tried one by one. The fiber should be started at a low dose and increased every 1 to 2 weeks until either the desired effect on the stool is achieved or troublesome flatulence interferes. (Fiber does not work overnight.) If flatulence occurs, the dose of fiber can be reduced for a few weeks and the higher dose can then be tried again. (It generally is said that the amount of gas that is produced by fiber decreases when the fiber is ingested for a prolonged period of time; however, this has never been studied.) If flatulence remains a problem and prevents the dose of fiber from being raised to a level that affects the stool satisfactorily, it is time to move on to a different source of fiber.

When increasing amounts of fiber are used, it is recommended that greater amounts of water be consumed (e.g., a full glass with each dose). Presumably, the water prevents "hardening" of the fiber and blockage (obstruction) of the intestine. This seems like simple and reasonable advice. However, ingesting larger amounts of water has never been shown to have any beneficial effect on constipation, with or without the addition of fiber. (There is already a lot of water in the intestine and extra water is absorbed and excreted in the urine.) It is reasonable to drink enough fluids to prevent dehydration because with dehydration there may be reduced intestinal water.

Because of concern about obstruction, persons with narrowings (strictures) or adhesions (scar tissue from previous surgery) of their intestines should not use fiber unless it has been discussed with their physician. Some fiber laxatives contain sugar, and diabetic patients may need to select sugar-free products.

还有不全面的地方,第一看参考资料中的网页

What is constipation?

Constipation means different things to different people. For many people, it simply means infrequent stools. For others, however, constipation means hard stools, difficulty passing stools (straining), or a sense of incomplete emptying after a bowel movement. The cause of each of these "types" of constipation probably is different, and the approach to each should be tailored to the specific type of constipation. Constipation can also alternate with diarrhea. This pattern is more commonly considered as part of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). At the extreme end of the constipation spectrum is fecal impaction, a condition in which stool hardens in the rectum and prevents the passage of any stool.

The number of bowel movements generally decreases with age. Ninety-five percent of adults have bowel movements between three and 21 times per week, and this would be considered normal. The most common pattern is one bowel movement a day, but this pattern is seen in less than 50% of people. Moreover, most people are irregular and do not have bowel movements every day or the same number of bowel movements each day.

Medically speaking, constipation usually is defined as fewer than three bowel movements per week. Severe constipation is defined as less than one bowel movement per week. There is no medical reason to have a bowel movement every day. Going without a bowel movement for two or three days does not cause physical discomfort, only mental distress for some people. Contrary to popular belief, there is no evidence that "toxins" accumulate when bowel movements are infrequent or that constipation leads to cancer.

It is important to distinguish acute (recent onset) constipation from chronic (long duration) constipation. Acute constipation requires urgent assessment because a serious medical illness may be the underlying cause (e.g., tumors of the colon). Constipation also requires an immediate assessment if it is accompanied by worrisome symptoms such as rectal bleeding, abdominal pain and cramps, nausea and vomiting, and involuntary weight loss. In contrast, the evaluation of chronic constipation may not require immediate attention, particularly if simple measures bring relief.

constapation is cannot poo.
the problem is you sit on the toilet for a long time and still cannot poo.
it is caused by not eating enough fiber in your food or not having drunk enough liquid.
treatment: eat more food with fibers, such as fruits and vegetables, and drink more water.
symptoms: cannot move fast because of the dry poo makes you uncomfortable.