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largest living land animal, characterized by its long trunk (elongated upper lip and nose), columnar legs, and huge head with temporal glands and wide, flat ears. Elephants are grayish to brown in colour, and their body hair is sparse and coarse. They are found most often in savannas, grasslands, and forests but occupy a wide range of habitats, including deserts, swamps, and highlands in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia.

The African savanna, or bush, elephant (Loxodonta africana) weighs up to 8,000 kg (9 tons) and stands 3 to 4 metres (10 to 13 feet) at the shoulder. The African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), which lives in rainforests, was recognized as a separate species in 2000 and is smaller than the savanna elephant. It has slender, downward-pointing tusks. The common belief that there existed “pygmy” and “water” elephants has no basis; they are probably varieties of the African forest elephants.

The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) weighs about 5,500 kg and has a shoulder height of up to 3.5 metres. The Asian elephant includes three subspecies: the Indian, or mainland (E. m. indicus), the Sumatran (E. m. sumatranus), and the Sri Lankan (E. m. maximus). African elephants have much larger ears, which are used to dissipate body heat.

The Asian elephant’s natural habitat is the forest so the destruction of forests is a major concern. But, as the forest is reduced, the elephant finds itself in farmland and villages. This brings with it other, social, problems.

Only certain male Asian elephants carry ivory. While its tusks are not as large as those of its African counterpart, Asian elephant ivory is perceived to be superior in quality. As a result, poaching is still prevalent in some areas

The variety of issues that surround elephant conservation require that the corresponding government departments (of forestry, landuse planning, transport, law enforcement, etc.) all have a role to play. And it is in this multi-dimensional context that NGOs must find ways to support government strategy.

The elephant is another animal that lives in groups. An elephant herd (群) usually has from twenty to forty members. The elephants in the herd depend on one another for help in time of trouble.
The leader of the group is usually a wise and strong female. She travels at the head of the herd and is followed by the other females and their young. The bull elephants follow last. When danger threatens, the bulls form a circle around the weaker animals and guard them.
The members of the herd are loyal to one another. A sick or wounded elephant is not left behind to die. If an elephant is sick, the whole herd stops traveling until it gets well. When an elephant is injured, two others walk on both sides of it and support it with their bodies. A member of the herd may be caught in a trap. Then the others try to free it.
Elephants are fond of the youngsters in the group and give them special care. They help young animals stay afloat (漂浮着) when the herd crosses a river. They work together to rescue a calf that has wandered into a dangerous place.
A female elephant that is about to give birth to her young leaves the herd for a short time. However, she takes another female along to act as "aunt". The aunt standsguard and helps the mother with her new-born calf. In this way, the whole herd protects its newest member.