电气图纸怎么算量:防弹衣是谁发明的？

防弹衣的发明者法国将军亚雷德：
1901年，威廉·麦肯雷总统被暗杀事件发生后，防弹衣引起了美国国会的瞩目。尽管这种防弹衣可防住低速的手枪子弹(弹速为122米/秒)，但无法防住步枪子弹。于是，在第一次世界大战中，出现了以天然纤维织物为服装衬里，配以钢板制成的防弹衣。厚实的丝绸服装也一度曾是防弹衣的主要组成部分。但是，真丝在战壕中变质较快，这一缺陷加上防弹能力有限和真丝的高额成本，使真丝防弹衣在第一次世界大战中受到了美国军械部的冷落，未能普及。
在第二次世界大战中，弹片的杀伤力增加了80%，而伤员中70%因躯干受伤而死亡。各参战国，尤其是英、美两国开始不遗余力地研制防弹衣。1942年10月，英军首先研制成功了由三块高锰钢板组成的防弹背心。而在1943年度，美国试制和正式采用的防弹衣就有23种之多。这一时期的防弹衣以特种钢为主要防弹材料。

　　防弹衣是一种单兵防护装具，它用于防护弹头或弹片对人体的伤害。

　　古代战争中使用的主要地刀，矛，弓箭等冷兵器，士兵身披盔甲可有效地保护身体，减少冷兵器的伤害。自从出现枪，炮等火器后，这种情况就发生了改变。为防火器，需要重打30-40公斤的甲胄，这将使士兵很难完成各种战斗任务。于是，进入火器朝代后，盔甲便渐遭淘汰。

　　但是，人们并未放弃对身体防护装备的追求。第一次世界大战中，人们发现士兵的伤亡大部分是由炮弹，手榴弹。炸弹和地雷的弹片造成的。这期间诞生的钢盔在实战中证明了可有效地防护弹片对士兵头部的伤害。在一次和二次世界大战中，曾有一些国家研制和使用过钢或合金钢制做的胸甲和防弹衣。但由于过于沉重，穿着后行动不便，步兵实际无法使用。直至本世纪40年代以前，人们所考虑的防弹衣材料一直未跳出金属材料的圈子。

　　现代防弹衣的雏型出现于50年代的朝鲜战争期间。美军首先试验使用尼龙这类软质合成纤维材料制做防弹衣。他们发现12层特制尼龙纤维布可收到一定的防弹效果。当弹丸击中防弹衣时，纵横交织的多层尼龙纤维象网一样裹住弹丸，弹丸继续运动的话就必须拉伸尼龙纤维，尼龙纤维的张力减低了弹丸的运动速度，消耗并吸收了弹丸的动能。由于弹片的动能和运动速度一般比弹丸低得多，所以尼龙防弹衣对弹片的防护作用更明显。

　　在60年代的越南美陆军将M69式尼龙防弹衣列为制式装备。但由于尼龙纤维的抗张强度所限，尼龙防弹衣要收到好的防护效果，重量需4。5公斤以上。据有关专家的试验和分析，穿插上这么重的防弹衣，士兵的作战能力会降低30%以上。在潮湿炎热的越南战场上，美军士兵更是难以忍受尼龙防弹衣所带来的负担和闷热感，而不穿防弹衣在现代战争中是很危险的。大量的统计分析表明，现代战争中弹片是对士兵的主要威胁，它占导致伤亡原因的3/4其余的1/4才是冲击波，枪弹，烧灼等造成的。因此越南战争后，人们一直在寻找合适的防弹衣材料。直到70年代，终于出现了较为理想的防弹衣材料-“凯夫拉”。

　　“凯夫拉”是美国杜邦公司于60年代中期研制出的一种合成纤维，并于1972年实现了工业化生产。其全称为“聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺纤维”，“凯夫拉”是它的商品名。“凯夫拉”的抗张强度极高，是尼龙纤维的2倍多，它的出现使防弹衣的防护性能有了明显提高。试验表明，“凯夫拉”吸收弹片动能的能力是尼龙的1.6倍，是钢的2倍。多层‘凯夫拉“织物对枪弹也能收到满意的防护效果。由于用“凯夫拉”制作防弹衣比尼龙防弹衣重量轻，防弹性能好，所以它受到了许多国家军队和警察的青睐。目前除了美国之外，德、法、英、以色列、意大利都研制和装备“凯夫拉”防弹衣。

　　近年来的多次局部战争中的实例证明，“凯夫拉”防弹衣确实能为士兵提供很好的保护作用。1983年的一天，5名美国海军陆战队员正在黎巴嫩首都贝鲁特接头巡逻，突然有人投来一枚手榴弹，由于当时美国士兵都穿着“凯夫拉”防弹衣，手榴弹在他们附近爆炸后，居然未造成死亡和重伤，只有未受防弹衣防护的上下肢受了轻伤。

　　据说美国陆军器材司令部的纳蒂克研究发展与工程中心，90年代又研制了一种被称做“斯佩克特拉”的纤维，它具有比“凯夫拉”更优越的性能。用这种纤维材料制成的防弹头盔和背心，在保持与“凯夫拉”制品同样防护性能的条件下，其重量可减轻1/3。

History
The oldest bullet-resistant fabric vests were made from silk. These rather expensive vests (often costing US$800 each in 1914) were capable of stopping some slow rounds from black powder guns. On June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was wearing such a silk vest, but nonetheless died when shot in the neck above the vest with a .32 ACP bullet fired by Gavrilo Princip using a handgun, starting a chain of events that quickly escalated into World War I.

During the late 1920's through the early 1930's, the criminal element in America began wearing less-expensive vests made from cotton padding and cloth. These early vests were capable of generally protecting against handgun bullets such as .22, .25, S&W .32 Long, S&W .32, .380 ACP, and .45 ACP traveling at slower speeds up to approximately 1000 ft/s, with the outcome that the .38 Special and .357 Magnum bullets were developed for US Federal Agents to counter the organized criminal element members and overcome their vests.

A more modern "flak jacket" was developed in World War II from nylon fabric but was only capable of stopping flak and shrapnel, not the .38 Special or .357 Magnum bullets.The original vest in World War II was the M-12 (Chriss U.S., 2002), which were “too heavy to be worn by infantry, and did not offer adequate protection from high-velocity rifle bullets” (Military, 2004). To combat this problem, in the Korean War the military came out with a new vest called the M-1951 (Chriss Body, 2002), “a vast improvement on weight, but the armor failed to stop bullets and fragments very successfully” (Military, 2004). For these reasons, Kevlar came into the picture. But Kevlar too had its failures because if “large fragments or high velocity bullets hit the vest, the energy could cause life-threatening, blunt trauma injuries” (Military, 2004). So they came out with the Ranger Body Armor, again it was an improvement over the previous armor but still had it's flaws like “it was heavier then the anti-fragment armor already worn by the infantry and offered less protection” (Military, 2004).

The newest vest is the Interceptor and it has its' flaws but protects the wearer from most lower to mid velocity threats. Modern bullet-resistant vests made from Kevlar were tested by United States police forces in 1975. Since then several new fibers for bulletproof fabric have been developed besides Kevlar, such as DSM's Dyneema, Akzo's Twaron, Toyobo's Zylon (now controversial, as new studies report it that degrades rapidly, leaving wearers with significantly less protection than expected), or Honeywell's GoldFlex. These newer fibres are advertised as being lighter, thinner and more resistant than Kevlar, although they are much more expensive.

最早是德国，第一次世界大战