雪碧瓶子做灯笼图解:巴西在关于文化遗产是否应该归还本国的立场?

　　The modern urban architecture of Brasilia, capital of Brazil and situated on the Brazilian Central Plateau, is included in UNESCO list of cultural heritage sites.

　　This is a social program designed to preserve cultural and historical relics with unique value, which has been going on for over sixty years. The National Research Institute of Historical and Cultural Relics is responsibility for initiating this program and the only thing it has for reference in its work is a property inventory.

　　At the initial stage, people thought only of restoring the cultural relics to their original states, led to continually increasing of expenditure for the work and of the posed a considerable burden on society. To avoid excessive expenditure, the Brazilian Government and the Regional Development Bank established a cooperative partnership, which the UNESCO joined later. The objective of their cooperation is to guarantee the overall preservation and development of Brazil's important urban heritage, and to help it show renewed vitality.

　　The three sides jointly worked out the program for cooperation. Thus emerged an outline for the planning of the memorial architectural complex, which aims to strengthen the daily administration and protection of cultural relics while ensuring the necessary technical guarantee, lifting them out of a state of 'repair after damage'.

　　The uniqueness of this outline is that it links a locality's economic and social capability to restore and preserve its cultural relics with the local residents' living standard. It also gives priority to the establishment of a cooperation mechanism between governmental departments and non-governmental organizations in order to ensure the appropriate effective and economic exportation of these historical sites most economically and effectively. Under such a cooperation mechanism, some commercial establishments will be set up around cultural relic sites, local art performances and personnel trainings will be organized, while site operation and management will also carried out. These developments will give impetus to the protection of cultural relics as well as the tourist and the culture industry.

　　During the initial stage of this program, a fund of 200 million US$ will be mobilized while it is determined which Brazilian cities have important cultural heritage protection.

　　In the 1970s, people began to reassess the work of the National Research Institute of Historical and cultural Relics. The initiators of this reassessment were mainly people engaged in such modern activities as designing, industry and information. Since then on, 'cultural assessment' has appeared in the list of terms related to 'cultural policies'. Later, the 'National Center for Cultural Assessment' was established.

　　The Constitution of Brazil stipulates that cultural heritage includes both 'tangible cultural heritage' and 'intangible cultural heritage', merely expanding and laying down the range of cultural heritage. In 2000, Brazil issued a 'Presidential Decree', which require the establishment of a registration system for intangible cultural heritage. The 'national outline of intangible cultural heritage' was also promulgated, which requested the setup of management organs so as to provide necessary funds for the registration work.

　　With the help of the government, great success has been achieved in the protection of Brazil's cultural. Traditional Brazilian culture still shines brilliantly in modern society.

　　翻译：巴西的首都巴西利亚位于巴西中央高原上。巴西利亚的现代城市建筑被联合国教科文组织列入人文遗产名单。

　　保护具有特殊历史文化价值的文物是一项已经持续了60多年的社会工作。它的发起者是国家历史和文化遗产研究院。而他们惟一可利用的参考资料只是一部财产清单。

　　工作初期，人们只考虑到尽力将文物恢复成本来面目，但这造成了修复文物所需的费用不断地增加，社会负担不断加重。为了避免过度的资金投入，巴西政府和地区发展银行建立起了合作的伙伴关系，此后，联合国教科文组织也加入了合作。三方的合作目的是使巴西重要的城市遗产从总体上得到保护和发展，并焕发出新的活力。

　　3方共同制定了合作项目——纪念性群体建筑规划纲要。该纲要的宗旨是在必要的技术保障前提下，使尽可能多的文物摆脱破损后再修补的状态，而是加强日常的管理和保护。

　　该纲要的独到之处是它把一个地区修复、保护文物的经济社会保障能力与该地区居民的生活水平挂起钩来。并促进政府部门和民间团体建立起合作机制，以最为经济、有效地利用这些历史性建筑。在这种合作机制下，一些商家将建立在文物的所在地；同时开展当地的艺术演出和人员的培训工作，并对古迹和纪念性建筑物进行经营管理，这样还会带动该地的文物保护业、旅游业和文化产出业的发展。

　　在第一阶段，纪念性建筑群体纲要将动用2亿美圆的资金来选定拥有重要的巴西文化遗产的城市。

　　在70年代，人们开始对国家历史和文化遗产研究院的工作进行重新评价。发起这种新评价活动的都是那些从事设计、工业及信息等现代活动的相关人士。 从那时起，在有关“文化政策”的词语中，就出现了“文化评估”一词。于是“文化评估全国中心“建立了。

　　巴西宪法中规定，文化遗产包括了“有形文化遗产”和“无形文化遗产”，从而扩大并确定了文化遗产的范围。2000年，巴西颁布了总统令，要建立对无形自然文物登记的制度，并颁布了“无形遗产全国纲要”，要求设立管理机构，提供必要的资金以开展无形资产的登记工作。

　　在政府的帮助下，巴西的文化遗产保护工作取得了极大的成功。巴西的传统文化在现代社会中依然熠熠生辉。

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