怎么区别感冒和流感:哪位帮我翻译一下啊

来源:百度文库 编辑:杭州交通信息网 时间:2024/04/26 07:34:36
身体语言在人际沟通中有着口头语言无法替代的作用。心理学研究发现:在两个人之间的面对面的沟通过程中,50%以上的信息交流是通过无声的身体语言来实现的。身势语是国际性的,不同国家的人在语言不通的情况下借助身势语能够进行交际。曾有人研究发现,人们每天平均讲话只占与人交往的时间的 10%,与人交往的时间都是在有意无意地进行着身体语言的沟通。有些时候,身体语言就足以表达所有的信息,语言反倒是多余的,只要人们彼此在对方的感觉范围内,应存在身体语言途径的沟通,所谓的身势语,就是指那些包括空间距离、目光注视、身体接触、姿态动作、面部表情等在内的非语言的身体信号。由于不同民族文化已经根深蒂固,不容易接受与自己的习惯相反的信号,所以我们不能忽视文化约束力对身势语的影响以及和环境差异所赋予身势语的不同含义。
一、空间距离
当人们进行交际的时候,交际双方在空间所处位置的距离具有重要的意义,它不仅告诉我们交际双方的关系、心理状态,而且也反映出民族和文化特点。心理学家发现,任何一个人需要在自己的周围有一个自己能够把握的自我空间,这个空间的大小会因不同的文化背景、环境、行业、不同个性等而不同。不同的民族在谈话时,对双方保持多大距离有不同的看法。根据霍尔博士(美国人类学家)研究,欧美人生活中有四种距离表示不同情况:
(1) 亲密接触 (intimate distance 0-45 cm) 交谈双方关系密切,身体的距离从直接接触到相距约 45 厘米之间,这种距离适于双方关系最为密切的场合,比如说夫妻及情人之间。
(2) 私人距离 (personal distance 45-120 cm) 朋友、熟人或亲戚之间往来一般以这个距离为宜。
(3) 礼貌距离 (social distance 120-360 cm) 用于处理非个人事物的场合中,如进行一般社交活动,或在办公,办理事情时。
(4) 一般距离 (public distance 360-750 cm) 适用于非正式的聚会,如在公共场所听演出等。
从这四种分法可以看出,人类在不同的活动范围中因关系的亲密程度而有着或保持不同的距离。不同民族与文化构成人们之间不同的空间区域,多数讲英语的人在交谈时不喜欢离得太近,总要保持一定的距离。西班牙人和阿拉伯人交谈会凑得很近,而对俄罗斯人来说意大利人交谈是过于靠近,拉美人交谈时几乎贴身。更有趣的是英国人与意大利人交谈时,意大利人不停的“进攻”,英国人不断的“撤退”。实际上他们交谈时都只不过是要占据对自己适当的,习惯的实际距离。西方文化注重个个隐私,东方人“私”的概念薄弱。在电梯,巴士或火车上,素不相识人的拥挤在一起,东方人可以容忍身体与身体接触的那种挤,西方人无法容忍。在对个人空间的要求方面,中国人、日本人以至大多数亚洲人要比西方人小的多。这是因为不同的文化习俗的缘故,西方人看中宽松的氛围,崇尚个人自由和个人权利,而东方人的传统文化根深蒂固。
空间的观念是立体的,不仅包括领域的大小距离,包含领域的高度。“拉开距离”具有保持身份的威严的功能,而保持空间领域的高度又是支配权利的一种方式。法庭、教堂、礼堂、会议厅的布置都十分注重利用空间距离来发挥这一功能,以表现优越感与从属关系。在中国,长辈和领导面朝南坐,在西方则坐在椭圆桌子头的位置,等等,不一而足。这些都说明不同文化背景的人对空间的运用和安排都有着各自的模式,从而构成无数文化差异,让空间的使用具有了更为丰富的文化功能。

Body language in interpersonal communication, oral language is irreplaceable role. Psychology study found : In the face-to-face communication between two people process, more than 50% of the exchange of information through silent body language to achieve. Body language is an international tendency, in the language of different countries of the language to use their influence for good. Some studies have found that the average daily speech was only 10% of the time with people exchanges and contacts with people at the time were intentionally or unintentionally in a body language communication. Sometimes body language is enough to convey all the information, rather superfluous language, as long as there is one in each other's feelings context, the existence of body language communication channels, the so-called physically powerful language means that those including distance, eyes watching, physical contact, gestures movements, facial expressions, such as non-physical language signals. As different culture have become entrenched and are not acceptable with their customary contrary signals, we can not ignore the influence of cultural binding on the body language and environment and the impact of the differences in the different meanings given to words are powerful. First, distance When people communicate when communication distance between the two sides in the space location is of great significance, not only tell us good relations between the two sides, mental, but also reflects the ethnic and cultural characteristics. Psychologists found that any one person needs in their own around one to grasp the self-space, the size of the space for various cultural backgrounds, the environment, industry, the different personality, and different. Different ethnic groups in the talks, the two sides remain far from a different view. According to Holl (U.S. anthropologists) study, and people living in four different distances indicated : (1) close contact (intimate distance 0-45 cm) with the two sides close, the distance from the direct access to physical distance of about 45 centimetres, the distance for the closest occasions, for example between spouses and lovers. (2) Private distance (personal distance 45-120 cm) friends, acquaintances or relatives to the distance between the exchanges generally appropriate. (3) courtesy distance (social distance 120-360 cm) for the treatment of non-personal things occasions, such as a general social activities, or in the office, handling matters. (4) general distance (public distance 360-750 cm) applies to informal gatherings, such as in public places to perform. France can be seen from the four sub-human in a variety of activities from the scope of the closeness of the relationship between the share or maintain different distances. Between people of different ethnic and cultural composition of different regions in space, the majority of English speakers in the conversation did not like from too close, always keeping a certain distance. Spaniards and the Arabs to talk together very close and talk to the Russian people is too close to the Italian people, Hispanics conversation almost close. More interesting is the British and Italians talk, Italians relentless "offensive" British people have the "withdrawal". In fact they are just as a conversation occupy their own proper, the actual distance habits. Western culture on all privacy, Asians "private" concept weak. In elevators, buses and trains, total stranger people crowded together, Asians can tolerate the kind of physical contact between the body and that Westerners can not tolerate. At the request of the individual space, Chinese, Japanese and most of the small number of Asians than Westerners. This is because different cultural practices reason, Westerners use value relaxed atmosphere, advocating individual freedom and individual rights, while Asians traditional culture deeply rooted. The concept is the three-dimensional space, including not only the size of the area of distance covered field height. "distance themselves" with the authority to maintain the functional capacity, and maintain space dominance is high right way. Courts, churches, halls, the layout of the Chamber are very focused on the use of space to play this distance function to the performance superiority and affiliation. In China, the elders and leaders face south sit in the West is the first place in oval tables, etc., etc. These indicate that the different cultural backgrounds of people applying for space and arrangements have their own model, thus constituting numerous cultural differences, the use of space for more rich cultural functions.