保定东方双语学校宿舍:北京故宫介绍

一、书画收藏。台北故宫藏有书画总计9120件，据介绍其中一半为优等和次等，元以前绘画574件（不包括南薰殿宋以前帝后像），元以前书法155件。北京故宫有书画15万件左右，约占世界公立博物馆所藏中国古代书画的¼，其中约1/3具有较高的学术价值和欣赏价值，有近420件元以前的绘画，310件元以前的书法。元以前书画总收藏量，数量上北京故宫低于台北故宫。但相对严格的鉴定工作，使得北京故宫早期（元以前）书画中，很少有早期和晚期（明清）之争。在绘画的时代方面，北京故宫的早期藏品反映了各个历史时期的绘画面貌，特别是东晋顾恺之的两件北宋摹本《列女图》卷和《洛神赋图》卷真实地反映了汉魏六朝时期的绘画风格。就唐、五代、两宋绘画而言，台北故宫在数量上较北京故宫要多，但北京故宫元代绘画众多的收藏量和完善的品质堪称世界之冠。就宋代绘画而言，台北故宫的山水画珍品多于北京故宫，但北京故宫的人物画珍品则占有重要地位。北京故宫绘画藏品种类较全面，除卷轴画外，还藏有版画、年画、清宫油画、玻璃画、屏风画、贴落等，这些是台北故宫所缺乏和不足的。此外北京故宫还有10件唐宋壁画、7件唐五代敦煌纸绢画、1铺元代大幅壁画等。北京故宫庋藏的明清大幅宫廷书画也是台北故宫所缺少的，因为这些在文物南迁时有一定运输难度。由于台北故宫主要接收的是清宫旧藏历代书画，而18、19世纪的“扬州八怪”、“京江画派”、清初的“金陵诸家”、“四僧”等许多流派的绘画和书法为清宫所缺，如今已是国之重宝。北京故宫于上世纪60年代初已将上述几个时期书画收藏齐备。在书法方面，台北故宫的收藏量和品质不如北京故宫。北京故宫有4万多通明清尺牍，其中蕴含着巨大的文献价值和艺术价值，远胜台北故宫在这方面的收藏。在碑帖方面，北京故宫的碑帖善本占全国大多数。目前尚没有见到文物南迁中有关碑帖的记录。

二、陶瓷类文物。北京故宫有35万件，一级品1100多件，二级品约5.6万件，还有上世纪以来在全国110多个窑口所采集的3万余片陶瓷标本。台北故宫有25248件清宫旧藏瓷器，宋代五大名窑瓷器及明代官窑瓷器收藏均占优势，著名的清代康雍乾三朝珐琅彩瓷器绝大多数都藏在台北故宫。但北京故宫的收藏数量是台北故宫无法比拟的，特别是在新石器时代彩陶、三国两晋南北朝隋唐五代瓷器、清代嘉庆至宣统官窑瓷器、历代民窑瓷器以及古陶瓷窑址标本、实物资料收藏方面，北京故宫均占有明显优势。北京故宫在历代官窑瓷器收藏方面，无论数量还是质量，也都相当可观，不容忽视。在古陶瓷收藏方面，两岸故宫各有千秋。

三、青铜器方面。北京故宫藏历代铜器1.5万余件，其中先秦青铜器约1万件，有铭文的1600余件，这三个数量均占中外传世与出土数量总和的1/10以上，是国内外收藏中国青铜器数量最多的博物馆。另外有历代货币1万余枚、铜镜4000面、印押1万余件。台北故宫收藏有5615件青铜器，先秦有铭文的约500件。两岸故宫青铜器都以传世品为主，台北故宫藏品的总量和精品数量都较少，但毛公鼎、散氏盘、宗周钟等重器则十分有名。

四、工艺类藏品方面。北京故宫藏有玉器28461件，数量上多于台北故宫的11445件，而且又征集了考古发掘出土的珍贵玉器数百件，其中安徽凌家滩遗址与六安杨公乡战国墓出土的一些玉器，为世所罕见，目前仅北京故宫有收藏。另外，北京故宫的“大禹治水”玉山，重逾万斤，还有重量数千斤的几件玉山，是台北故宫所不能及的。漆器、珐琅、玻璃、金银器、竹木牙角雕刻，以及笔墨纸砚等“杂项”，台北故宫总计7605件，北京故宫则有101355件。漆器总体上台北故宫精品较少；金属珐琅器，两岸所藏特点相近，但北京故宫的一些大型金属珐琅制品则是台北故宫所没有的；从台北故宫出版的有关如意、文玩等出版物所选文物看，其工艺水平明显逊于北京故宫藏品。另外，北京故宫还藏盆景1442件，匏器590件，而台北故宫无此收藏。

五、宫廷类文物收藏。北京故宫具极大优势，从代表皇权的典制文物到皇家日常生活用品文物，无所不藏。例如清代玉玺“二十五宝”、卤簿仪仗等为台北故宫所无，帝后冠服也最为齐全；反映清代科技发展水平以及中外文化交流的天文仪器、钟表亦为北京故宫特藏。清代皇帝稽古右文，重视文玩鉴赏，其鉴赏所用的印章，绝大部分藏在北京故宫。清代皇家信仰多种宗教，以本民族传统的萨满教、道教与藏传佛教为主。北京故宫收藏有大量萨满教与藏传佛教的法器、祭器、造像、唐卡等，还完整地保存了宫廷中一些藏传佛教及道教殿堂的原状。

六、图书典籍方面。台北故宫所藏版本时代早（宋、元、明版较多）、卷帙完整、书品好者居多，如文渊阁《四库全书》、?ぴ逄谩端目馊?书荟要》、《宛委别藏》及部分“天禄琳琅”藏书等，多是独有的巨帙或孤善之品，相当珍贵。北京故宫所存数量不多的宋元版书多已拨交国家图书馆，但现存的明清抄、刻本，品种、数量众多，包括内府修书各馆在编纂过程中产生的稿本，呈请皇帝御览、待刻之书的定本，从未发刻的清代满、蒙、汉文典籍，为便于皇帝阅览或携带而重抄的各式书册，以及为宫内外殿堂陈设而特制的各种赏玩性书册。此外还有翰林学士、词臣自撰的未刊行书籍，各地藏书家进呈之书；一大批宫中戏本和档案；帝后服饰和器物小样、“样式雷”建筑图样、舆图等特藏文献，等等，以上共约19.5万册（件）。另有20余万块精美的武英殿“殿本”的原刻书版。这些构成了北京故宫善本特藏的特色。北京故宫博物院的藏品，除了所存旧藏外，有近1/5是新中国成立以来在中央政府的直接领导和各省市积极支持下征集、购买的散佚清宫文物及社会各界人士的捐赠。解放初期，国家就毅然花50多万港币从香港买回著名的“三希”中的两希——《伯远帖》和《中秋帖》。当时台湾也想买，但经费没有落实，他们至今引为憾事。迄今为止，先后有600多人向北京故宫捐献文物。毛主席三次将友人送自己的文物转送故宫保存。张伯驹、朱翼庵、孙瀛洲等人的无私捐赠，彪炳千秋。新征集的文物，许多在价值上比清宫旧藏毫不逊色。这使故宫很快成为名副其实的中国历代文化艺术的巨大宝库，成为最有代表性的中华文明的象征。

由于多种原因，许多人对北京故宫文物藏品状况不很清楚，有人以为好东西都到了台湾，有的甚至说：“台北有文物没有故宫，北京有故宫没有文物”，这显然是误解。当然，文物自有其本身的艺术价值和历史价值，是不可以互相替代的。两岸故宫的收藏本来就是一个整体，有着很强的互补性，只有从整体上来看待，才能全面地认识中华文化的源远流长和丰富多彩。

This is the Palace Museum, also known as the Purple Forbidden City. It is the largest and most well reserved imperial residence in China today. Under Ming Emperor , construction began in 1406. It took 14 years to build the Forbidden City.
The red and yellow used on the palace walls and roofs are also symbolic. Red represents happiness, good fortune and wealth. Yellow is the color of the earth on the Loess Plateau, the original home of the Chinese people. Yellow became an imperial color during the Tang dynasty, when only members of the royal family were allowed to wear it and use it in their architecture.
This area is called the Hall of Supreme Harmony Square, which covers a total of 30000 square meters. Without a single tree or plant growing here, this place inspires visitors to feel its solemnity and grandeur. In the middle of the square there is carriageway that was reserved for the Emperor. On both sides of the road the ground bricks were laid in a special way seven layers lengthwise and eight layers crosswise,making up fifteen layers in all.

This is the Palace Museum, also known as the Purple Forbidden City. It is the largest and most well reserved imperial residence in China today. Under Ming Emperor , construction began in 1406. It took 14 years to build the Forbidden City.
The red and yellow used on the palace walls and roofs are also symbolic. Red represents happiness, good fortune and wealth. Yellow is the color of the earth on the Loess Plateau, the original home of the Chinese people. Yellow became an imperial color during the Tang dynasty, when only members of the royal family were allowed to wear it and use it in their architecture.
The Forbidden City is rectangular in shape. It is 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meters wide from east west. It has 9900 rooms under a total roof area 150000 square meters. A 52-meter-wide-moat encircles a 9.9 –meter- high wall which encloses the complex.
It is believed that the Palace Museum got its name from astronomy folklore. The ancient astronomers divided the constellations into groups and centered them around the Ziwei Yuan. The constellation containing the North Star was called the Constellation of Heavenly God and star itself was called the purple palace.
The Forbidden City is divided into an outer and an inner count. We are now standing on the southernmost part of the outer count. In front of us lies the Gate of supreme Harmony. The gate is guarded by a pair of bronze lions, symbolizing imperial power and dignity. The lions were the most exquisite and biggest of its kind. The one on the east playing with a ball is a male, and ball is said to represent state unity. The other one is a female. Underneath one of its fore claws is a cub that is considered to be a symbol of perpetual imperial succession.
The Forbidden City consists of an outer count and an inner enclosure. The outer count yard covers a vast space lying between the Meridian Gate and the Gate of Heavenly Purity. The “three big halls” of Supreme Harmony, Complete Harmony and Preserving Harmony constitute the center of this building group. The great three halls are built on a spacious “H”-shaped,8-meter-high, triple marble terrace. Each level of the triple terrace is taller than the on below and all are encircled by marble balustrades carved with dragon and phoenix designs.
This area is called the Hall of Supreme Harmony Square, which covers a total of 30000 square meters. Without a single tree or plant growing here, this place inspires visitors to feel its solemnity and grandeur. In the middle of the square there is carriageway that was reserved for the Emperor. On both sides of the road the ground bricks were laid in a special way seven layers lengthwise and eight layers crosswise,making up fifteen layers in all.
这是我以前做的PowerPoint，可能不太连贯，见谅！